Treas Chapter 9- Development

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

refers to the process of adapting to one’s body and environment over time, which is enabled by increasing complexity of function and skill progression.

Question 2

Growth

Answer 2

refers to physical changes that occur over time, such as increases in height, sexual maturation, or gains in weight and muscle tone.

Question 3

Nature

Answer 3

refers to genetic endowment

Question 4

nurture

Answer 4

influence of the environment on the individual.

Question 5

cephalocaudal

Answer 5

beginning at the head and progressing down to the chest, trunk, and lower extremities

Question 6

Proximodistal

Answer 6

beginning at the center of the body and moving outward.

Question 7

Body system growth

Answer 7

own rate

Question 8

differentiation

Answer 8

simple to complex

Question 9

developmental task

Answer 9

midway between an individual need and societal demand. It assumes an active learner interacting with an active social environment

Question 10

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Answer 10

ocuses on the motivation for human behavior and personality development

Question 11

Genital

13–20 yr

Answer 11

Puberty causes an intensification of instinctual drives, particularly sexual. The focus of this stage is the resolution of previous conflicts and the development of a mature identity and the ability to form adult relationships.

Question 12

id

Answer 12

represents instinctual urges, pleasure, and gratification, such as hunger, procreation, pleasure, and aggression.

Question 13

ego

Answer 13

It strives to balance what is wanted (id) and what is possible to obtain or achieve.
begins at 4-6 m

Question 14

superego

Answer 14

is sometimes referred to as our conscience.

Question 15

unconscious mind

Answer 15

composed of thoughts and memories that are not readily recalled but unconsciously influence behavior.

Question 16

defense mechanisms

Answer 16

thought patterns or behaviors that the ego makes use of in the face of threat to biological or psychological integrity

Question 17

Adaptation

Answer 17

is the ability to adjust to and interact with one’s environment.

Question 18

Assimilation

Answer 18

is the integration of new experiences with one’s own system of knowledge.

Question 19

Accommodation

Answer 19

is the change in one’s system of knowledge that results from processing new information.

Question 20

cognitive abilities

Answer 20

he ability to think, reason, and use language).

Question 21

Formal operations

11-adolescence

piaget

Answer 21

Develops the ability to think abstractly: to reason, deduce, and define concepts in a logical manner

Some individuals cannot think abstractly, even as adults.

Question 22

Stage 5: Identity Versus Role Confusion (11 to 21 Years)

erikson

Answer 22

conflict around developing a personal identity

Question 23

Gilligan stages

Answer 23

Stage 1: Caring for Oneself.
Stage 2: Caring for Others.
Stage 3: Caring for Self and Others

Question 24

Milestones Adolescent

Answer 24

The adolescent reaches adult height and about 90% of peak bone density by the end of this period.

Menarche occurs by age 14 in most girls, who develop adult primary and secondary sex characteristics by about age 16.

Boys have developed adult primary and secondary sex characteristics by about age 17 to 19.

Motor development is equal to that of adults.

Maturation of the central nervous system allows formal operational thought processes, logic, and abstract reasoning.

Psychosocial development includes the teen’s increasing reliance on peers, ambivalent feelings toward family, anxiety over and/or preoccupation with sex and sexuality, and determination of sexual orientation.

Question 25

Growth Females

Answer 25

growth spurt between 9 and 14 years of age. Height increases 2 to 8 in. (5.1 to 7.6 cm) and weight gain varies from 15 to 55 lb (6.8 to 24.9 kg). By the onset of menstruation, girls have attained 90% of their adult height.

Question 26

Growth males

Answer 26

growth spurt between 10 and 16 years. Height increases by 4 to 12 in. (10.2 to 30.5 cm) and weight increases by 15 to 65 lb (6.8 to 29.5 kg). Boys continue to grow until 18 to 20 years of age. Bone mass continues to accumulate until about age 20.

Question 27

growth both

Answer 27

blood pressure and the size and strength of the heart increase. The pulse rate decreases. By the time of adolescence, blood values are that of the adult. Respiratory rate, volume, and capacity also reach the adult rates. By the end of the adolescent period, all vital organs reach adult size.

Question 28

Menarche (first menstruation)

Answer 28

occurs approximately 2 years after the beginning of puberty. The average age of menarche is 12 years, depending on racial group and body mass.

Question 29

Puberty Females

Answer 29

the time from the first appearance of breast tissue to full sexual maturation is 2 to 6 years

Question 30

onset puberty males

Answer 30

between 9 and 14 years of age.

boys become more muscular, the voice deepens, and facial hair begins to grow and coarsen. It may take 2 to 5 years for the genitalia to reach adult size.

Question 31

onset puberty both

Answer 31

hormonal changes are accompanied by increased activity of the sweat (apocrine) glands, and heavy perspiration may occur for the first time. For the same reason, the sebaceous glands become active, and the adolescent may experience acne.

Question 32

Cognitive Development of Adolescents

Answer 32

The adolescent develops the ability to think abstractly and is receptive to more detailed information.

still lack judgement and common sense

Question 33

Psychosocial Development of Adolescents

Answer 33

Teenagers shift their emotional attachment away from their parents and create close bonds among their peers

Question 34

Group Acceptance

Answer 34

One of the strongest needs for teens is to feel accepted within a group of their own choosing.

Question 35

deaths among young people aged 10 through 24

Answer 35

motor vehicle crashes (26%), other unintentional injuries (13%), homicide (15%), and suicide (16%)

Question 36

Depression

Answer 36

Depression affects up to 8.5% of adolescents in the United States

risk factors vary

Question 37

Substance abuse

Answer 37

widespread and because of the physical, mental, and spiritual toll it takes on teens, families, and communities.

Question 38

Suicide

Answer 38

Suicide is the third leading cause of death in teenagers. estimates that 8% of high school students have attempted suicide. girls attempt more often but boys are more successful

Question 39

anorexia nervosa

Answer 39

dramatically restricts food intake and may exercise excessively in an attempt to lose weight.

Question 40

anorexia nervosa side effects

Answer 40

Physical consequences include amenorrhea, bradycardia, low white blood cell count, anemia, infertility, and bone loss.

Question 41

Bulimia

Answer 41

characterized by binge eating followed by inappropriate mechanisms to remove the food that was consumed (usually inducing vomiting, using laxatives, or engaging in excessive exercise)

Question 42

Obesity

Answer 42

sedentary lifestyles, eating larger portions, eating fast foods, and substituting high-calorie, nutrient-poor snacks for balanced meals.

Question 43

Online disinhibition effect.

Answer 43

This means that people more readily release personal and private information into the public domain than they would in face-to-face interactions.

Question 44

social media

Answer 44

may be increasing risky sexual behaviors and decreasing overall social and sexual wellness in adolescents.

Question 45

STIs

Answer 45

Approximately one in four U.S. teens has an STI.

Question 46

Adolescents who become pregnant

physiological risks

Answer 46

bone density loss and iron-deficiency anemia, the interruption of progress in their own developmental tasks, and loss of educational opportunities.

Question 47

Abuse, Neglect, and Violence

Answer 47

There is no age limit on abuse and neglect. One study of children aged 13 to adulthood reported that more than 9% of the nearly 1,000 subjects had substantiated maltreatment.

Question 48

Warning sign

Answer 48

A change in academic performance or lack of interest in school may indicate a problem such as depression.

Question 49

Health history

Answer 49

Medications and other drugs.
Psychosocial profile
Peer relationships.
Nutrition and body image.
Tattoos and piercings.
Activity and exercise patterns.
Sleep patterns. 
safety
Sexual activity.
Review all body systems

Question 50

General Survey

Answer 50

Include vital signs, height, and weight. Follow with a head-to-toe physical exam.
Calculate BMI (5-85)

Question 51

confidentiality

Answer 51

Reassure the adolescent that you will maintain confidentiality. However, if there is concern about suicide, explain that you are required to share this information with others. Provide mental health referrals immediately when an adolescent contemplates suicide.

Question 52

Preventing and Treating Obesity

Answer 52

Calorie intake

physical activity 30min-1hr

Question 53

Breast self-exam (BSE)

Answer 53

have the potential to alert the patient to changes in her breast and may lead to earlier detection of breast cancer.

studies have shown BSE does not offer the early detection and survival benefits of other screening tests

Question 54

Testicular Self-Exam (TSE)

Answer 54

Guidelines are not consistent regarding testicular self-exam (TSE).

Question 55

HPV

Answer 55

11-12 immunization

HPV infection can cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers in women; penile cancer in men; and anal cancer and mouth/throat (oropharyngeal) cancer, as well as genital warts in both men and women.