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histo 2 > travers 2 (saliva) > Flashcards

travers 2 (saliva) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a somewhat standard definition of hypo salvation

A

salivary flow rates of less than 0.1 ml/min

2/3 reduction of normal levels

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2
Q

What can cause hypo salivation

A

genetic
medications
systemic diseases
head and neck radiotherapy

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3
Q

What medications commonly cause hyposalivation

A 
anti-cholinergic
diuretics
antidepressants
anti histamines
antihypertensives
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4
Q

What systemic diseases can cause hyposalivation

A

mumps (temporary)
sjorgen’s
diabetes mellitus
HIV

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5
Q

What causes the initial negative effects of radiation? later negative effects?

A

effect on gland function

actual cell death

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6
Q

What cells are primarily affected by radiation

A

acinar cells

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7
Q

How do you manage hyposalivation

A

frequent dental visits/prophy

artificial saliva

salivary stimulants (chewing gum, candies0

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8
Q

Why does mumps cause hyposalivation

A

it fucks up the parotid gland

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9
Q

What are sialoliths

A

stones that can occlude salivary ducts (often submandibular)

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10
Q

Can viruses replicate and shed into saliva?

A

yes

EB, herpes for example

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11
Q

What type of glands are salivary glands

A

exocrine (duct to epithelial surface)

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12
Q

What is normal unstimulated saliva flow

A

0.3-0.4 ml/min

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13
Q

What is the normal volume of saliva in the mouth

A

0.8- 1.1 mL

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14
Q

What is a normal flow rate during sleep

A

0.1 ml/min (much lower than normal)

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15
Q

What gland contributes most to the volume of saliva in the mouth? what kind of saliva is it?

A

parotid (60%)

pure serous (watery), main source of amylase

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16
Q

How much saliva does the submandibular gland produce? What kind?

A

25%

mixed serous/mucous

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17
Q

How much saliva does the sublingual gland produce? What kind?

A

7-8%

mixed serous/mucous

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18
Q

What do von ebner’s glands produce

A

pure serous glands

lingual lipase

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19
Q

What do other minor salivary glands produce

A

mucins (proteins for lubrication)

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20
Q

What are the major functions of saliva

A 
protection
buffering
tooth integrity
antimicrobial
tissue repair
digestion
taste
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21
Q

What protein plays a role in the protective function of saliva

A

mucins: highly glycolsylated, lubricate, and trap bacteria/sugar

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22
Q

What molecule plays a role in the buffering function of saliva

A

bicarbonate

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23
Q

What protein plays a role in the tooth integrity function of saliva

A

calcium binding proteins

statherin allows saliva to be supersaturated with calcium

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24
Q

What protein plays a role in the antimicrobial function of saliva

A 
lysozyme
peroxidase
defensins
histamines
IgA
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25
Q

What protein plays a role in the tissue repair function of saliva

A

growth factors

26
Q

What protein plays a role in the digestive function of saliva

A

mucins (for chewing/swallowing)

amylase and lipase

27
Q

What protein plays a role in the taste function of saliva

A

stuff needs to be dissolved in water to taste it

28
Q

What gland empties into wharton’s duct

A

submandibular

29
Q

What gland empties into bartholin’s and rivinus’s duct

A

sublingual

30
Q

What gland empties into stenson’s duct

A

parotid

31
Q

What does the stroma of a salivary gland do? what kind of tissue?

A

provides structural support, forms capsule and organizes it into lobes

connective tissue

32
Q

What does the parenchyma of a salivary gland do? what kind of tissue?

A

makes the saliva and discharges it to final destination

epithelial tissue

33
Q

What does the stroma contain

A 
fibroblasts
blood vessels
nerve fibers
plasma cells
fat cells
34
Q

What are the two components of parenchyma

A

acini (grapes)

ducts

35
Q

What week does the parotid gland start to develop

A

6th week IU (beginning)

36
Q

What week does the submandibular gland start to develop

A

6th week IU (end)

37
Q

What week does the sublingual gland start to develop

A

8-12 weeks IU

38
Q

What embryonic tissue does the parenchyma come from

A

ectoderm or endoderm

39
Q

What embryonic tissue does the stroma come from

A

neural crest

40
Q

How do salivary glands develop

A
  1. protrusion of epithelial cells in mesenchyme and bud formation (kind of like odonotgeneis)
  2. strong epithelial-mesenchyme interactions
  3. branching morphogenesis
  4. cavitation
41
Q

How does e-cadherin relate to branching morphogenesis?

A

the cell redirects e-cadherin expression at the cleft where branching occurs

(not simply turning it off)

42
Q

What are the two actions cleftin (BTBD7)

A

suppresses e-cadherin expression***most imp

up regulates snail2

43
Q

What induces expression of cleftin?

A

fibronectin

44
Q

What does snail2 do (probably)

A

transcription factor that probably promotes a change in cell shape in salivary glands during branching

45
Q

Are acini cells h2o permeable?

A

yes

46
Q

Describe the primary secretion of acinar cells

A

isotonic

water, ions, proteins

47
Q

Are duct cells permeable?

A

no

48
Q

What do duct cells secrete?

A

bicarbonate

proteins

49
Q

What do duct cells resorb?

A

sodium and chloride

50
Q

Secondary secretion: isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

hypotonic

51
Q

What controls salivary secretion?

A

neural control–different than most glands (blood born hormones)

parasymp and symp

52
Q

What two cranial nerves are important for salivary glands

A

VII, IX

53
Q

What branch of the ANS is responsible for protein secretion

A

sympathetic NS

produces a protein rich, viscous solution that is not voluminous

54
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with sympathetic activation

A

norepinephrine

starts cAMP cascade – PKA activated, stimulates protein synthesis

55
Q

What branch of the ANS would produce watery, copious saliva

A

parasympathetic

56
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with parasympathetic activation

A

Ach

coupled with phospholipase C, eventually liberates Ca++ from ER, creating a concentration gradient to draw water out

57
Q

put in correct order:

salivary glands form branching structure

tongue develops

salivary gland begin development

cavitation occurs in salivary glands

A
  1. tongue develops
  2. salivary glands develop
  3. salivary glands begin branching
  4. cavitation occurs
58
Q

T/F: Branching in the salivary glands involves expression of a molecule called “cleftin” which in turn increases expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules.

A

false

59
Q

Saliva in the intercalated ducts is:

A

isotonic

60
Q

saliva in the oral cavity is:

A

hypotonic

61
Q

Why is saliva in the oral cavity isotonic?

A

due to the action of striated ducts NOT due to the action of excretory ducts

histo 2 (8 decks)

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