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Summer Physio > travers 1 > Flashcards

travers 1 Flashcards

1
Q

astrocytes

A

glial cells in CNS

  1. buffering role
  2. provide neurons metabolically (glucose)
  3. form blood brain barrier
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2
Q

anterograde transport

A
  • movement of stuff from nucleus away from cell body to terminus
  • motor proteins kinesins
  • transports some things very fast, like neurotransmitters
    and other things like structural proteins very slowly
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3
Q

retrograde transport

A
  • movement towards the nucleus (cell body)
  • motor proteins: dyneins
  • fast transport (viruses, growth factors)
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4
Q

can CNS neurons regenerate?

A

no they cant

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5
Q

astrocytes make what that inhibit neuron growth

A

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

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6
Q

______ prevents surviving axons from reaching targets

A

scar formation

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7
Q

can PNS neurons regenerate

A

yes, depending on severity

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8
Q

types of serve nerve injury

A
  1. anterograde (wallerian) degeneration and terminal degeneration
  2. transganglionic
  3. transynaptic degeneration
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9
Q

types of less serve nerve injury

A

anterograde degeneration and chromatolysis- associated with protein synthesis, cell body swells, eccentric nucleus

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10
Q

nerve regeneration

A

Schwann cells secrete NGF, NGF transported to ganglion cell body. NGF regulates gene expression and promotes sprouting

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11
Q

presynaptic receptors

A

axo-axonic mediates pre synaptic inhibition and excitation

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12
Q

temporal summation

A

adding together of PSP’s from one synaptic contact over time

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13
Q

spatial summation

A

adding together of PSP’s produced by different synapses

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

acs on postsynaptic cell to produce EPSP and IPSP

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15
Q

neuromodulators

A

acts in min-days, slower
act postsyaptically to amplify or dampen on going synaptic activity.
act presynaptically cell to alter synthesis, release, uptake or metabolism or NT
actions can involve changes in DNA/protein synthesis or enzyme activity.

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16
Q

excitatory AA

A

glutamate

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17
Q

inhibitory AA

A

GABA, glycine

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18
Q

neurotransmitters example

A 
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Dopamine
Epinephrine 
Serotonin 
Some gases, NO
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19
Q

acetylcholine synthesized by what from what

A

synthesized from choline and acetyl Co-enzyme A by choline acetyltransferase in synaptic terminal

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20
Q

what does acetylcholinesterase

A

action of Ach stopped by diffusion and degradation

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21
Q

fate of choline after degradation

A

re uptake by presynaptic neuron

22
Q

neurons that release ACh

A

all motor neurons
neurons in nucleus basalis and pons
all preganglionic neurons (sump and para)
all postganglionic (para)

23
Q

location of ACh neurons in CNS

A

basal forebrain- cognitive function

pontine nuclei- sleep regulation

24
Q

acetylcholine receptors

A

Muscarinic receptors

Nicotinic receptors

25
Q

muscarinic receptors

A
  • mostly in CNS exception are para post gang. salivary glands
  • binding tiggers G proteins that open or close ion channels
    (can be depolarizing or hyper polarizing)
  • blocked by atropine
26
Q

nicotinic receptors

A
  • few in CNS
  • ACh binding opens ion channel within receptor (depolarization)
  • example is neuromuscular junction
  • blocked by curare
27
Q

biogenic amines synthesized from what

A

Amino acids

28
Q

Catecholamines:

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

29
Q

these are synthesized from what

A

tyrosine

30
Q

dopamine areas

A

ventral segmental area- associated with reward and addiction

substantia nigra associated with motor systems-

31
Q

loss of dopamine associated with

A

Parkinsons’s disease

32
Q

dopamine is synthesized from what

A

from L-dopa in pre-synaptic terminal

found in specific areas of midbrain and brainstem

33
Q

dopamine receptors

A

5 groups, two main groups are D1 and D2, all G protein coupled

34
Q

D1

A

activate adenylate cyclase

35
Q

D2

A

inhibit adenylate cyclase

36
Q

antidepressants

A

block D2 receptors

37
Q

norepinephrine

A

locus cerulus- attention/sleep

other brainstem groups- autonomic and homeostatic functions

38
Q

NE neurons

A

symp. postganglionic neurons (and some CNS)

39
Q

E neurons

A

adrenal gland (medulla) as circulating hormone

40
Q

NE receptors

A

alpha receptors
beta receptors
noradrenergic receptors

41
Q

alpha receptors

A

alpha 1- excitatory intracellular release of Ca

alpha 2- inhibitory, via opening K channels or blocking Ca

42
Q

beta receptors

A

1,2,3 open Ca channels

43
Q

Serotonin

A

rostal raphe nucleus - sleep, mood, homeostatic function

caudal raphe nucleus- sensori-motor function

44
Q

serotonin synthesized from what

A

tryptophan

45
Q

serotonin receptors

A

16 receptor subtype, most g protein coupled

46
Q

histamine

A

from AA histidine

47
Q

excitatory AA

A
  • glutamate and aspartate, binds several class of ionotropic receptor (NMDA)
  • receptors have channels that are permeable to Na, K, and Ca
48
Q

NMDA receptor

A

involved in functions that last, chronic pain, memory formation.
Excitotoxicity

49
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

excessive excitation – cell death. epilepsy, trauma, stroke

50
Q

long term potentiation

A

NMDA

51
Q

factors promoting LTP

A
  1. phosphorylation of NMDA receptors

2. calcium entry into cell via NMDA receptors

Summer Physio (4 decks)

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