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PHAR20400 > TRAVEL VACCINATIONS & MALARIA > Flashcards

TRAVEL VACCINATIONS & MALARIA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the recommended travel vaccines? (8)

A
  • Cholera
  • Hepatitis A
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • Meningococcal disease
  • Rabies
  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • Typhoid fever
  • Yellow fever
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2
Q

What pathogen causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae bacteriuma

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3
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

Contaminated food/ waste/ faeces

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4
Q

Describe cholera bacterium vaccine type and regimen?

A

Killed cell vaccine, administered orally 2 doses required within 6 weeks

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5
Q

What is a side effect of cholera vaccine?

A

GI disturbances (cramps etc.)

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6
Q

If cholera is left untreated, what can result?

A

Death after vomiting and diarrhoea

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7
Q

What does hepatitis A cause?

A

Liver infection

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8
Q

What pathogen causes Hepatitis A?

A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

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9
Q

How is hepatitis A transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral route

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10
Q

Describe Hepatitis A vaccine type and regimen? (2)

A
  • Inactivated virus, taken intramuscularly
  • Immunoglobulin vaccine (injected antibodies, so short term)
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11
Q

What is the incubation period for hepatitis A?

A

2 to 4 weeks

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12
Q

How long does it take to achieve protection against Hepatitis A?

A

2 to 4 weeks

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13
Q

What pathogen causes Japanese encephalitis?

A

Japanese encephalitis virus

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14
Q

How is Japanese encephalitis transmitted?

A

Through a vector (daytime -biting mosquitos - found mainly in Asia)

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15
Q

Describe Japanese encephalitis vaccine type and regimen?

A
  • Inactivated alum-adjuvant , given IM (2 doses 28 days apart)
  • alum is not immunogenic but it increases immune response.
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16
Q

What pathogen causes Meningococcal disease and how is it transmitted?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis bacteria
  • Transmission by respiratory droplets
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17
Q

What are meningococcal diseases?

A

Infection of meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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18
Q

Describe the meningococcal vaccine and the distribution of meningococcal disease?

A
  • Given 2-3 weeks before travel in a single vaccine
  • Capsular polysaccharides conjugated to proteins
  • Different capsular serotypes more prevalent in different parts of the world (=different vaccines)
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19
Q

Where are high-risks places for Meningococcal disease?

A

Enclosed crowded places African meningitis belt Saudi Arabia (especially during Hajj or Umrah)

20
Q

What organs are affected by the rabies virus?

A

Brain and nervous system (results in death)

21
Q

Describe the rabies vaccine and describe its dosage regimen?

A
  • Inactivated I.M vaccine
  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (3 doses) and post-exposure prophylaxis given
    • fertilised hen egg used to grow viruses for vaccination
22
Q

What pathogen causes tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and how is it transmitted?

A

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus Through being bitten by an infected tick (zoonotic)

23
Q

Describe the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine and describe its dosage regimen?

A
  • Inactivated vaccine (IM)
  • 3 separate doses
24
Q

Who is contraindicated for tick-borne encephalitis vaccine?

A

Contraindicated if severe hypersensitivity to egg protein, and other excipients such as neomycin and gentamycin

25
What happens when typhoid fever is left untreated?
Can cause internal bleeding and perforation of the digestive tract or bowel
26
What pathogen causes Typhoid fever and how is it transmitted?
Salmonella typi (bacteria + invasive) Transmitted by contaminated food/ water
27
Describe the Typhoid fever vaccine?
Two forms * Live attenuated vaccine given as an EC capsule * I/M injection of conjugated polysaccharide
28
When giving the typhoid vaccine, what should you not have at the same time?
* Antibacterials (avoid 3 days before and after the vaccine) * Antimalarials (wait 3 days after vaccine before taking 1st dose) * Because, the typhoid vaccine will be inactivated
29
What pathogen causes Yellow Fever?
Arbovirus
30
How is Yellow Fever transmitted?
Via mosquitoes
31
Describe the Yellow Fever vaccine and who cautioned against its use?
* Live, attenuated I.M (vector) * Individuals who have had a previous anaphylactic reaction to egg * AVOID with patients with immunosuppression
32
What are the phases of Yellow Fever?
* Phase 1 (3-6 days) - fever, muscle pain and headache (15% die) * Phase 2 - jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, and haemorrhage (60% die)
33
How many species of parasite can cause malaria AND which malarial parasites are most harmful to humans?
* 5 * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax
34
How is malaria transmitted?
Via vector - by female Anopheles mosquitoes
35
Which organ do malarial parasites first infect and what do they then move onto?
* Liver (hepatocytes) * Red blood cells
36
Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite (6)
* Mosquitoes injects sporozoites via bite * Sporozoeites enter liver and infects hepatocytes * Liver cells rupture and merozoites released (differentiation occurred) * Merozoites infect RBC and multiply * Some merozoites differentiate into gametocytes which are taken up by the mosquito * Sporozoeites enter mosquito salivary glands and are then transmitted between humans when bitten
37
What are the symptomatic stages of a malarial infection?
Cold stage, hot stage and sweating stage
38
What three drugs are used for treatment of falciparum malaria?
1. Quinine 2. Malarone 3. Riamet
39
What drugs are used to treat non-falciparum malaria?
1. Chloroquine 2. Primaquine
40
When should chemoprophylaxis for malaria be taken for those travelling?
1 week before travel and finish 4 weeks after leaving
41
What are the 2 types of chemoprophylaxis and how long should treatment be (depending on the stage of the lifecycle)?
* Suppressive Prophylaxis = RBC stage (4 weeks) * Casual Prophylaxis = liver (7 days)
42
What is diethyltolumide (DEET) used for?
Malarial repellent
43
Can you give antimalarials to people who have epilepsy?
No
44
Why is an Artemisinin combination treatment used when the malarial parasite is unknown?
* Artemisinin quickly removes most of parasite * Partner compound removes remainder
45
What should a mosquito net be covered in?
Permethrin (insecticide)

PHAR20400 (20 decks)

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