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Infection > Travel Related Infections > Flashcards

Travel Related Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What pathogens are transported by vectors

A

Rickettsia/spirochaete (bacteria)

Protozoa and helminth (parasites)

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2
Q

Why is travel history important

A

Recognise imported diseases

Check for different strains of pathogen - greater chance of MDR bacteria abroad

Infection prevention

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3
Q

What is a sign of a multicellular organism infection

A

Eosinophilia

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4
Q

What are some possible ways for patients to be infected while abroad

A

Food/water

Insect/tick bite

Swimming

Sexual contact

Animal contact

Recreational activities

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5
Q

What infection might you get from an animal bite

A

Rabies

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6
Q

What infection might you get from rodents

A

Leptospirosis

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7
Q

What infections might you get from a mosquito/insect bite

A

Malaria

Dengue

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8
Q

What infection might you get from a tick bite

A

Rickettsia

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9
Q

What infection might you get from dead/slaughtered animals

A

Anthrax

Ebola

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10
Q

What infection might you get from farms

A

Q-fever

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11
Q

What infection might you get from game parks

A

Rickettsia

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12
Q

What infection might you get from fresh water

A

Schistosomiasis

Leptospirosis

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13
Q

What infection might you get from caves

A

Histoplasmosis

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14
Q

What infection might you get from unpasteurised dairy

A

Brucellosis

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15
Q

What infection might you get from eating under/uncooked fish/meat

A

Salmonella

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16
Q

Name some species which cause malaria

A

Plasmodium flaciparum

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium ovale

Plasmodium malariae

Plasmodium knowlesii

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17
Q

What is the vector which carries malaria

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

Headache

Fever

Muscle pain and fatigue

Back pain

Chills and sweating

Dry cough

Splenomegaly

Nausea

Vomiting

19
Q

What investigations are done to test for malaria

A

3 Blood films

FBC

Urea and electrolyte

LFTs

Glucose

Coagulation

Head CT if neurological symptoms

CXR

20
Q

How do you treat malaria caused by P. falciparum

A

Artesunate

21
Q

How do you treat malaria caused by P. vivax, ovale or malariae

A

Choloroquine

22
Q

What do you give to kill any malarial parasites lying dormant in the liver

A

Primaquine

23
Q

What is the mechanism of infection of typhoid/parathyphoid fever

A

Faecal-oral from contaminated food/water

24
Q

What type of fever are typhoid and paratyphoid fever

A

Enteric fever

25
Q

What some of the causative organisms of enteric fever

A

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C

26
Q

What type of bacteria are salmonella typhi and paratyphi

A

Enterobacteriaceae - aerobic Gram-negative bacillus

27
Q

What is the incubation period of malaria

A

Minimum 6 days

P. falciparum - by 4 weeks

F. vivax/ovale - up to 1 year+

28
Q

What is the incubation period of enteric fever

A

7 - 14 days

29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of enteric fever

A

Fever

Headache

Abdominal discomfort

Dry cough

Relative bradycardia

Paratyphoid - generally milder

30
Q

What are the complications of enteric fever

A

Intestinal haemorrhage

Perforation and seeding

Mortality if left untreated - 10%

31
Q

What investigations are performed to test for enteric fever

A

FBC - moderate anaemia and lymphopaenia in enteric fever

LFTs - raised transaminase and bilirubin

Blood (+ve in 40-80%) and faeces culture

32
Q

What is the treatment for enteric fever

A

Uncomplicated - azithromycin (PO)

Complicated - IV ceftriaxone

33
Q

What other infections can salmonella cause and what are the symptoms

A

Non-typhoidal salmonella infections - ‘food poisoning’

Symptoms - diarrhoea, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain

34
Q

What are some potential causes of fever and rash

A

Measles, rubella, parvovirus (childhood viruses)

Infectious mononucleosis (EBC/CMV)

Acute HIV infection

Rickettsia - spotted fever

35
Q

How is dengue tested for

A

Dengue PCR

Dengue serology (IgM)

36
Q

Describe some feature of dengue fever

A

Commonest arbovirus

4 serotypes

Common in sub and tropical regions

1st infection ranges from asymptomatic to non-specific febrile illness - supportive treatment only

Re-infection with different serotype is harmful/deadly

37
Q

What are the possible consequences of re-infection with the same or different serotype of dengue

A

Consequence is antibody dependent enhancement causing:

Dengue haemorrhagic fever

Dengue shock syndrome

38
Q

What is the term for infection with a fly larvae

A

Myiasis

39
Q

Give some examples of fly larvae that can cause myiasis

A

Tumbu/mango fly

Bot fly

40
Q

Name a type of viral haemorrhagic fever

A

Ebola

41
Q

What type of virus causes ebola and what are the symptoms

A

Filovirus

Flu-like symptoms with vomiting, diarrhoea, headaches, confusion, rash, and internal/external bleeding at 5-7 days

42
Q

Name an arbovirus

A

Zika virus

Dengue virus

43
Q

What tests and investigations should be performed on a patient with a suspected travel related infection

A

Malaria film x3

Blood culture x2 (prior to antibiotics)

FBC

U&E/LFT

CXR

Serology/PCR based on Hx/symptoms

44
Q

Name some features of severe malaria

A

Tachycardia

Hypotension

Arrhythmias

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Diarrhoea

Derranged LFTs

Acute kidney injury

High bilirubin

Confusion and fits

Cerebral malaria

Thrombocytopenia

DIC

Metabolic acidosis

Hypoglycaemia

Secondary infection

Infection (23 decks)

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