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Neuroscience > Traumatic Brain Injury > Flashcards

Traumatic Brain Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Define TBI

A

Structural injury or a pathological disruption of brain function, due to external force

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2
Q

Define concussion

A

Immediate alteration of mental status or level of consciousness resulting from Mechanical force

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3
Q

What things do you need to look for when deciding if to do a head CT for TBI?

A

Loss of consciousness, focal neurological signs, seizures, older age etc…

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4
Q

How long should a patient with no head CT needed be observed for?

A

6-8 hours

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5
Q

Where is an epidural haemorrhage located?

A

Between the meninges and the skull

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6
Q

Where is a subarachnoid haemorrhage located?

A

Between different levels of the meninges

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7
Q

Where is a subdural haemorrhage located?

A

Under the dura

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8
Q

What is a contusion TBI?

A

A bruise in the brain

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9
Q

What happens in a diffuse axonal injury?

A

Shearing or tearing of axons

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10
Q

What is a craniotomy?

A

Taking a flap of skin from the skull to suck out the haematoma or blood

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11
Q

What are burr holes?

A

Making small holes in the skull to relieve pressure

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12
Q

What is the cause of raised inter-cranial pressure?

A

Monroe-Kellie doctorine- if something in the brain changes volume, everything else else to compensate and so the brain pushes to one areaj

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13
Q

What is it called when the brain pushes into the hole in the bottom of the skull?

A

Coning or brain/tons a herniation

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14
Q

What are some of the main symptoms of raised inter-cranial pressure?

A

Headache, nausea, vision loss, 3rd and 6th nerve palsy, pallioedema, double vision and Cushing reflex

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15
Q

What is the Cushing reflex?

A

A response to increased intracranial pressure

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16
Q

What does the Cushing reflex lead to?

A

High blood pressure
Slower pulse
Decreased respiratory

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17
Q

What causes intraparenchymal haemorrhage?

A

Primary - hypertension
Secondary - tumor, cerebral amyloid etc…

18
Q

What are some of the symptoms of intraparenchymal haemorrhage?

A

Headache, nausea, reduced conscious level, agitation, focal neurology, sudden acute onset and hypertension

19
Q

What complications are associated with intraparenchymal haemorrhage?

A

Seizures, increased ICP and hydrocephalus

20
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A

Blocked ventricles, so CSF can’t escape

21
Q

What 3 imaging techniques should be used for intraparenchymal haemorrhage?

A

CT head
MR head
Angiogram

22
Q

How can subarachnoid haemorrhage be caused?

A

Traumatic or non traumatic brain injury

23
Q

What are the symptoms of subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Sudden onset, meningism, reduced consciousness, 3rd/6th nerve palsy and vasospam

24
Q

How can a lumbar puncture help determine subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

If there is blood in the CSF or after a few hours, the blood has broken down into yellow liquid

25
Q

What are the main causes of subdural haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured bridging veins
A fall

26
Q

What are the main symptoms of subdural haemorrhage?

A

Headache, confusion, reduced conscious level and may have a rapid onset

27
Q

What complications are associated with subdural haemorrhage?

A

Increased ICP and focal neurology

28
Q

On a CT head, what color is blood shown as?

A

White

29
Q

What is a cause of epidural haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured menigeal artery

30
Q

What are the symptoms of an epidural haemorrhage?

A

Period of lucidness with headache, loss of conscious, 6th nerve palsy and skull fracture

31
Q

What complications are associated with epidural haemorrhage?

A

Raised ICP, infection, cerebral ischemia, seizures, focal neurology, cognitive impairments and hydrocephalus

32
Q

What is a common cause of diffuse axonal injury?

A

Acceleration, deceleration insult

33
Q

What symptoms are associated with diffuse axonal injury?

A

Coma, vegetive state, agitation, varied cognitive dysfunction

34
Q

What complications are associated with diffuse axonal injury?

A

White matter abnormalities, small volume haemorrhage and MRI abnormalities

35
Q

What is post traumatic amnesia?

A

The time between a head injury and regaining full normal conscious memory

36
Q

What is PTA commonly measured with?

A

The Westmead scale

37
Q

What does the Westmead scale measure?

A

Orientation and anterograde amnesia

38
Q

How can PTA correlate with psychiatric problems?

A

Commonly impacted brain areas in TBI are ones that also control emotion and mood, therefore causing psychiatric problems for some patients

39
Q

What is the main management strategy for PTA?

A

Keep the patient safe and be wary of interactions of drugs for psychiatric disorders

40
Q

What are the main aims of Neuro rehabilitation?

A

Restore previous abilities
Acquire new skills and strategies
Make alterations

Neuroscience (17 decks)

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