Stroke

Question 1

What is the cause of a stroke?

Answer 1

Cut off of blood supply to the brain

Question 2

What are the two main types of stroke?

Answer 2

Infarct and haemorrhage

Question 3

What is the cause of an infarct/ischemic stroke?

Answer 3

Blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain

Question 4

What are atheromas?

Answer 4

Plaques of fatty material that build up in the arteries

Question 5

What is thrombosis?

Answer 5

Blood clots in vessels reducing blood flow

Question 6

What are embolisms?

Answer 6

Clots break off and stop blood flow in another area

Question 7

What is the core in an ischemic stroke?

Answer 7

Irretrievable area of the brain

Question 8

What is the penumbra in a ischemic stroke?

Answer 8

Area surrounding the core that can be saved

Question 9

What is the profusion lesion?

Answer 9

The difference between the core and penumbra

Question 10

What is the cause of a haemorrhage stroke?

Answer 10

High blood pressure causes vessels to become thin and fragile and therefore repture

Question 11

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

Answer 11

Bleeding in or around the brain (haematoma)

Question 12

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 12

High pressure vessels pop and leads to blood I’m the surface of the brain

Question 13

What is fistula?

Answer 13

Blood goes from high pressure arteries to low pressure veins leading to bursting

Question 14

What is cavanova?

Answer 14

Vessels may seep leading to stroke issues

Question 15

What are cerebral veins cause of stroke?

Answer 15

Blocked veins lead to back pressure and potential status due to no blood flow also may seep

Question 16

What are lacunar syndromes?

Answer 16

Small subcortical lesions caused by a blocked artery

Question 17

How does patent formen ovale lead to cardiogenic stroke?

Answer 17

Hole in the heart doesn’t close and allows blood clots to travel

Question 18

How does myocardial infarction lead to cardiogenic stroke?

Answer 18

Heart attack leads to decreased blood flow

Question 19

How does arterial fibrillation cause cardiogenic stroke?

Answer 19

Heart doesn’t beat properly, due to heart disease

Question 20

What symptom does a cortical stroke present with?

Answer 20

Cognitive problems e.g. speech and language issues

Question 21

What symptoms does a sub-cortical stroke present with?

Answer 21

Alertness, but completely paralysed

Question 22

What symptoms does a brain stem stroke present with?

Answer 22

Very unsteady and potential further complications e.g. locked in syndrome and quadriplegic

Question 23

What are the two main diagnostic tests for stroke severity?

Answer 23

NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) and the modified rankin scale

Question 24

On a head CT, how does a stroke show?

Answer 24

Grey/darker areas

Question 25

On a diffusion MRI how do strokes show up?

Answer 25

Light up

Question 26

What is an MR tissue clock?

Answer 26

When an unknown time of onset for a stroke happens. If diffusion MR is positive for stroke and flare and T2 is negative, the stroke happened less than 4 hours ago

Question 27

What are the two main stroke treatments called?

Answer 27

Thrombolysis and thrombectomy

Question 28

What is the main thrombolysis drug called?

Answer 28

Alteplase

Question 29

How does alteplase work?

Answer 29

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

Question 30

What is a thrombectomy?

Answer 30

Using a catheter to pull a clot out from the groin

Question 31

How many hours after a stroke should thrombolysis and thrombectomy be used?

Answer 31

Thrombolysis - 9 hours
Thrombectomy - 24 hours

Question 32

How is an inter cranial haemorrhage treated?

Answer 32

Can treat on its own, bleeding will rupture seal, give medication that won’t increase bleeding e.g. paracetamol

Question 33

What interventions are promoted on the stroke ward?

Answer 33

Anticipate complications e.g. BP and cerebral edema
Stroke prevention e.g. diabetes and hypertension