Trauma and Bone Disease Flashcards
1
Q
Define Disease
A
- An abnormal condition that impairs an
organisms function.
2
Q
Define Taphonomy
A
- This is how a body breaks down in soil or the
environment and becomes fossilised
3
Q
Factors that limit the biological profile when dead
Factors that leave marks on bones:
A
- Botany (Plants etc) - marks on outer content of bone
- Soil erosion and plant growth - Scavengers and Insects - Gnaw marks
- question amputation - Freeze-thaw - Water Freezes and expands this cracks
bone - Chemical erosion - Acidic soil eats outer core of bone
- can make bones chalky - Pressure
- Excavation - Mistakes can be common, mistaken for
animal bone
4
Q
Types of Non-specfic Skeletal Manifestations that are common
A
Osteomyeltis = Infection of the medullary cavity
Periostitis = Infection of the periosteum
Osteitis = Infection of compact bone
5
Q
Periostitis
A
- Infection of the periosteum
- Bone formation - outer cortical surface
- Wood like weathering
6
Q
Osteitis
A
- Infection of compact bone
- bone formation - medullary cavity involvement
- Woven bone to heal infection and get rid of bacteria
7
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
- Infection of Medullary cavity
- Bone formation
- Bone destruction
- Pus formation - due to warmth
1. Sequestrum
- localised areas of dead bone with no nutrients
for bone growth
2. Involucrum
- layer of living bone surrounding dead bone,
encases the dead bone
3. Cloaca
- opening through which pus is discharged, Pus
build up destroys bone
- Appears cloudy on X-rays
- Becomes septic
8
Q
Leprosy
A
- Contains all Periostitis, Osteitis, Osteomyelitis in the Tibia - Infectious disease - Specific infection - Etiology = mycobacterium M. Leprae Categories: 1. Lepromatous leprosy - Most aggressive - No incubation period 2. Tuberculoid leprosy - Least aggressive - Incubation period = 3-7 years - Curable
9
Q
Soft Tissue Manifestations
A
- Symmetrical lesions = Aggressive
- Open sore = Not aggressive
- eczama
10
Q
Specific Skeletal Manifestations
A
Rhinomaxillary syndrome: (facies leprosa)
- Moon face
- Atrophy and recession of maxillary alveolar bone
- perforated palate
- Disappearance of the anterior nasal spine
- Widening of the nasal aperture
Claw hand and toe deformity:
- Bacteria manifesting attack on the nervous system
- lose feeling in outer appendages
- Blood vessels recede
- Bone recedes and flesh sores
- Resorption of the phalanges (taper to points):
11
Q
Five types of information that can be gained from studying evidence of disease on human skeletons
A
- Social interaction
- Diet
- Growth disturbances
- Health
- Activity
12
Q
Define Trauma
A
- An acute physical injury or wound
13
Q
Bone fractures, information that can be obtained:
A
- Direction – of the force responsible for the fracture
- When – the trauma occurred
- Cause – of the trauma
- Falling
- Sharp object trauma
- Blunt force trauma
- Projectile wound- CARE = Did they have medical treatment
- CONFLICT = was domestic trauma or warfare
experienced?
14
Q
Fracture Categories
A
- Partial = not completely broken
- Complete = completely broken
- Closed = contained with skin tissue
- Open = protruding bone through skin tissue, bacteria,
infection - Impacted = bones collapse in on each-other instead of
in half - Pathological = bone material weakening with age or
disease
15
Q
The fracture cycle
A
- Fracture
- Haematoma (Fibroblasts, chondrocytes, Osteoblasts)
- Fibrous union
- Callus (cartilage)
- Remodelling (woven bone, trabecular bone)
- Callus (lamellar bone)
- Remodelling
- Original bone shape
- With realignment setting
- Unaligned broken is a sign of no medical attention
- Can lead to pseudoarthrosis – moving the bone whilst
going through the fracture cycle – creates a joint as the
bone doesn’t have time to heal together
