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Forensic archaeology > Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define:
Forensic Anthropology

What are the applications of Forensic Anthropology

A

This is the study of human remains for Medio-legal purposes

  • To identify a person
  • Only applicable to bones <50 years old as these have Medio-legal significance

APPLICATIONS:

  • War zones
  • Crime scenes
  • Mass disaster
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2
Q

What do Forensic anthropologists study?

A

Specialise in Human osteology (study of human hard tissue and bone), and apply knowledge to human remains

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3
Q

Types of identification

A
  1. Individuation
    - characterisation of unknown human remains
  2. Positive identification
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4
Q

Stages of forensic anthropology

A
  1. Is the skeleton human? Are bones human?
  2. Identification
  3. Circumstance
  4. Is the death unexpected - call coroner and Forensic pathologist
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5
Q

Discuss how a forensic Anthropologist Profile is conducted

A
  • The remains are found and are checked to see if they are human - IF NOT HUMAN leave to others
  • if they are human the age of the bone is estimated, if they are <50 years they have Medio-legal significance- if bone isn’t a fossil = examination.

IDENTIFICATION:

  • Identify age estimate - from skeleton (most accurate for younger bones)
  • gender determination
  • Height, stature, race?
  • Any evidence of disease?

CIRCUMSTANCE:

  • What was the cause of death
  • Any trauma
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6
Q

Why isn’t soft tissue/ organic material examined?

A
  • Soft tissue can be preserved by certain conditions;
    • extremes of moisture
    • dry conditions
    • Cold environments
    • Chemicals in peat bogs
      This makes soft tissue difficult to use to determine time since death
      Example = Mummification
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7
Q

The Human Skeleton

A

Comprised of 206 bones ±

CENTRAL SUB DIVISIONS:

  • Cranial - everything above the chin (Brain, 4/5 senses)
  • Post Cranial - everything below the chin (divided into axial and appendicular)
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8
Q

The Axial Skeleton

A 
Skull
Vertebral column:
    Cervical 
    Thoracic
    Lumbar 
    Sacral 
Sternum 
Ribs
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9
Q

The Appendicular Skeleton

A 
Hung to Axial skeleton 
Limbs
Scapula 
Clavicle
Os Coxae (Pelvic region)
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10
Q

The standard anatomical position

A

Palms of hands and feet point towards you

No bones are crossed

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11
Q

The Median Sagittal Plane

A

The body is split in half

the body is inspected by left and right half

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12
Q

Coronal Plane

Transverse Plane

A

CORONAL PLANE:
The body is looked at from a side view
The body is divided in half producing equal front and back planes
Vertical division of body

TRANSVERSE:
This is where the body is divided horizontally
This division can occur at any height

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13
Q

Define the Directional Terms

A 
Anterior =  Front surface of the body
Posterior = Back surface of the body 
Superior = Top of head
Inferior = Bottom of feet 
Medial = Near the middle of the body
Lateral = Away from the middle of the body
Proximal = Nearest to axial skeleton
Distal = Further from axial skeleton
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14
Q

Types of dentition

- Deciduous and Permanent

A 
Mandibular = Lower teeth
Maxillary = Upper teeth
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15
Q

Permanent Dentition

A 
Milk teeth -> 2 incisors , canine, first premolar, molar
There are 5 teeth in each quadrant 
STARTING FROM FRONT OF MOUTH:
1. Central incisor
2. Lateral incisor
3. Canine
4. First pre-molar
5. Second premolar 
6. First molar
7. Second molar 
8. Third molar
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16
Q

Teeth Directionality Terms

A

Mesial = Surface closest to the central plane, every tooth
has this
Distal = Closest to the back of the mouth
Buccal = Seen when smiling
Lingual = Inside of tooth, facing the tongue
Occlusal = Is the flat biting surface

17
Q

Define;
Development
Growth

A

DEVELOPMENT

  • Refers to stages of incremental changes such as:
    • age
    • speaking
    • walking

GROWTH
- refers to physical changes that occur

18
Q

The three Trimesters of Human development

A 
1. Prenatal
     Embryo (Up to 2nd month after fertilisation)
     Foetus (After 2nd month until birth)
2. Perinatal 
     (Few weeks before and after birth)
3. Postnatal 
     Neonate (first month after birth)
     Infant
     Adolescenc
     Adult

These stages are standardised, however infant and adolescent varies depending on the society you are within

19
Q

Grow rates

A
  • All animals grow at similar rates
  • Grow fast in the few months after fertilisation
  • Grow begins to slow after the first few months
    TEETH
  • Grow faster in prenatal trimester
    BONES
  • For long bones - females grow in advancement of 1 to 2 years over males
  • quick growth f=rate before birth
  • Accurate to determine age in children
20
Q

Bone cells

The three main groups

A 
Osetoblasts = Form bone
Osteoclasts = Resorb bone
Osteocytes = Maintain bone tissue
21
Q

When bones form …

A 
A collagen (protein) matrix is made up which is about 90%  organic 
Mineral crystals in the body harden and "stiffen" the collagen, this is filling with hydroxyapatite
22
Q

Collagen and Age

A
  • the skeleton undergoes changes all the time - it remodels
  • Children = More collagen
  • Adults = Less collagen
  • Collagen content decreases with age
  • As bones lengthen collagen moves apart
23
Q

Growth Disturbances

A 
- Endocrine disorder - Endocrine system excretes hormones, these hormones are either over or under released 
Over release = Gigantism and Acromegaly 
Under release = Dwarfism 
- Diet 
- Catch up growth
24
Q

Dental Development

A

6 months before birth :
Teeth begin to form in the gums
White coating forms
(Pre-natal)

Post natal:
Teeth grow and develop for roughly 18 years after birth

25
Q

Enamel

A
  • Hardest substance in the body
    (91% inorganic calcium phosphate) (9% organic)
  • Function = cover dentin and provide protection to teeth
  • On the front teeth = Thin
  • On the back teeth = Thick
  • Depth depends on location
  • White enamel dies if a tooth is broken or damaged
26
Q

Growth lines

A
  • Can be seen when trauma is experienced
  • Appear as lines in tooth enamel
  • Cross striations = 24 hours
  • Retzius lines = 6- 12 days
  • Shorter person = longer biological clock , thick teeth
    enamel
  • Taller person = biological clock of around (4,5 or 6 days)
    have thinner tooth enamel
  • Enamel on adult teeth forms very slowly
27
Q

Enamel Defects

A
  • Genetics
  • Antibiotics - Tetracyclene - fights bacterial infections
  • Fluorosis - Fluoride put in water to help prevent tooth
    decay
  • Birth
  • Diseases
  • Dioxins - environmental pollutants

Forensic archaeology (11 decks)

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