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Shelter Medicine > Trap Neuter Release and Spay Neuter > Flashcards

Trap Neuter Release and Spay Neuter Flashcards

1
Q

Cat-Human Relationship

A
  • Cats have been living outdoors among humans for over 10000 years
  • Cats may be the only species to domesticate themselves
  • Indoor only cats are primarily a N. American phenomenon
    • UK preferential outdoor
  • Indoor cats are relatively recent development
    • 1947- Edward Lowe invents kitty litter
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2
Q

Cats in the USA

A
  • 79-88 million pet cats in the US
    • 80-85% are sterilized
  • 10-90 million free roaming cats in the US
    • Approximately the human population divided by 6
      • some variation based on community
    • 2% sterilized
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3
Q

Free-Roaming Unowned Community Cats

A
  • Stray Cats
    • Community Cats
    • Abandoned/Lost Pets
  • Feral Cats
    • Evasive and untamed
      • Born wild
      • Stray cats turned wild
  • 1 unspayed female, her mate, and all offspring (2.8 kittens/litter) can total:
    • 1 year: 12
    • 5 years: 11,801
    • 9 years: 11,606,077
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4
Q

Cat Factory

A
  • Pet Cats- 79million
    • Female/OVH- 50-85%
    • Litter/year: 1.4
    • Live birth/year: 3
    • Kittens born/year: 25million
    • Kittne survival: 75%
    • Live at 3 months: 18 million
  • Community Cats- 79million
    • Female/OVH- 50-2%
    • Litter/year: 1.4
    • Live birth/year: 3
    • Kittens born/year: 166million
    • Kittne survival: 25%
    • Live at 3 months: 42 million
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5
Q

Controversies and Concerns

A
  • Environmental
    • non-native species impact on wildlife (birds)
  • Public Health
    • Zoonotic disease concerns
  • Cat welfare
  • Management Options
    • Traditional sheltering
    • No-kill sheltering
    • TNR
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6
Q

Free-Roaming Community Cats

A
  • Most important source of cat overpopulation
  • single larest souce of shelter animal intake
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7
Q

Community Cats - Public Opinion

A
  • 2007 telephone survey
  • What would you do about unowned cats on the street
    • 81% leave them alone
    • 14% trap and kill
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8
Q

Animal Welfare Inequality - Dogs vs Cats

A
  • Intake approximately equal
  • Return to owner rate
    • Dogs - 38%
    • Cats - <2%
  • Length of Stay
    • Dogs - 14 days
    • Cats - 28 days
  • Adverse Outcome
    • Cats euthanized at a rate consistently 20% or higher thadogs
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9
Q

Community Cat Control - Things to Consider

A
  • Free roaming community cats may not cause or have problems
  • Programs or efforts that only impact a small portion of the resident population are ineffective
  • Killing cats in shelters accomplishes nothing.
    • not good for the cats
    • not good for the shelter
    • does not effect the community cat population
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10
Q

Community Cat Management

A
  • Scale must be significant enough to manage the given unowned cat population
  • Safe for the environment
  • Affordable
  • Sustainable
  • Socially acceptable
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11
Q

Community Cat Management - Goals

A
  • Improve the welfare of individuals cats and the population
  • Reduce the negative impact of the cats
  • Decrease the resident population
  • Decrease shelter intake
  • Decrease shelter euthanasia
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12
Q

Community Cat Management - Options

A
  • Lethal Control
    • Destruction, poison, hunting trapping etc.
      • Effective on isolatd populations
    • Animal Control/Shelter euthanasia controls nuisances short term only
  • Adoption
    • Ideal outcome
    • Not enough homes
    • Feral cats are not suitable for adoption
  • Sanctuary
    • Limited capacity
  • Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR)
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13
Q

Trap - Neuter - Return

A
  • Goals
    • Population reduction via non-lethal means
    • Improved cat population health
    • Minimized negative impacts
    • Reduce complaints from the public
  • Process
    • Live trapping
    • Spay/neuter
    • Ear tipping (traditionally left)
    • Rabies vaccination
    • Triage/treat/euthanize the sick
  • Community Education
  • Colony level targeted approach
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14
Q

Community Cat Management - TNR

A
  • Improve the welfare of individuals cats ad the population
  • Reduce the negative impact of the cats
  • Decrease the resident population
  • Decrease shelter intake
  • Decrease shelter euthanasia
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15
Q

Spay and Neuter - the Good, Bad, and Ugly

A
  • Sterilization surgeries have exsisted for over 100 years
    • advaned techniques and anesthetics to minimize risk
  • Still only 74% of dogs and 84% of cats are altered
    • Decreases for underserved areas:
      • 12% altered
      • 69% pets have never seen a vet
  • Factors include:
    • Cost
    • Time
    • Feelings the procedure is unnecessary
    • Too young/unsure of age
    • Desire to breed
    • Receive advice against the surgery
    • Not usually based on fact/coming from reputable sources
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16
Q

Spay and Neuter Benefits

A
  • Benefits for dog neuter:
    • decrease to several types of diseases (benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, prostatic cysts, etc)
    • elimination of testicular tumors
    • decreased risk of perneal hernia
    • decreased risk of perianal adenoma
    • decreased drive for male versus male aggression
  • Benefits for cat neuter:
    • decrease roaming and marking
    • decreased inter-cat aggression (cat-bite abscesses)
    • reduced urine odor
  • Benefits for Dog spay:
    • reduce disease (Brucellosis and Transmissible Venereal Tumor, mamary neoplasia)
    • eliminate disease (pyometra, ovarian and uterine neoplasia)
  • Beneits for cat spay:
    • eliminate disease (pyometra, ovarian and uterine neoplasia)
    • eliminates estrus behaviors
  • Overall benefit: Control of unwanted pet population
17
Q

Spay and Neuter - Risks

A
  • Established risks of spay/neuter:
    • Decreased metabolic rate in cats
  • Risk of surgery/anesthesia:
    • increased risk of prostatic tumors in dogs
    • delayed closure of long bone growth plates
  • Potential risks are being studied:
    • changes in skeletal growth (hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament disease)
    • neoplasia (lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, mast cell tumor, transitional cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma)
    • Other diseases (hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus)
  • These are potential risks, however people read these as absolutes
18
Q

Reading literature

A
  • Reading current literature on the topic of of risks, must be done in a critical manner
  • deterimine what type of study is being done
    • expert opinion, case report/series, cross sectional, case control, cohort, randomized controlled trial, systemic review, meta-analysis
    • Each type has its pros and cons
    • Study types exist as a hierarcy (the ones at the start of the list are less prone to bias and systemic error)
  • Must critique each study
  • Generally 4 associations found in a study:
    • True correlation
    • Bias
    • Confounding
    • Chance
    • Reader must identigy which way the association is created
19
Q

Types of Literature

A
  • Weakest to Strongest
    • Case reports, opinion papers, and letters
    • Animal trials & in vitro studies
    • Cross sectional studies
    • Case-control studies
    • Cohort studis
    • Randomized Controlled trials
    • Meta-analyses & Systematic reviews
20
Q

Study Considerations

A
  1. Truth
  2. Bias
    • Error in design/implementation
      • Enrolled the wrong animals
      • Colleced the wrong data or error in data collection
  3. Confounding
    • 2 differences in 2 groups we are comparing. The 2 groups are not excangeable because their is another pathway for possible association
  4. Chance
    • Random samples are used to extrapolate to a larger population. The sample we use will be a little above or below what we expect for the general population, this is the chance we take
21
Q

High Quality High Volume Spay Neuter (HQHVSN)

A
  • Started in the 1970s in California
    • only 10% of dogs and 1% of cats were receiving sterilization surgery
    • 20 million animals were being euthanized in shelters nationwide
  • Government funded clinic was not popular among general practice veterinarians
  • A veterinarian in CA opened a new style of clinic- functioned as a low cost spay/neuter clinic during they day and aemergency clinic in the evening
    • advanced “quick spay” techniques throughout the decades
    • Many are still running today
  • 1990s were several HQHVSN organizations across he country
    • Many still running today
      • Inluding ASPCA Spay/Neuter Alliance, Operation CatNip, and SpayUSA
  • Despite success, the idea is not completely accepted by general practitioners
    • “How to Keep a Humane Society Clinic Out of Your Community” published in June 1990 Veterinary Economics
  • 2008 Nationally recognized guideline for Spay/Neuter programs
    • Updated in 2016 by Veterinary Medical Care Guidelines for Spay-Neuter Programs by the Association of Shelter Veterinarians
  • Today, they are a vital part of the Veterinary Profession, and make the greatest impact for reducing cat and dog overpopulation
    • ​critical to lowring shelter intake and euthanasia numbers
    • expanded to provide care in underserved populations
22
Q

HQHVSN Guidelines

A
  • Having standards:
    • instills confidence by the public
    • promote acceptance by the veterinary profession
    • provide guidance for veterinarians
    • provide transparency
    • opens the door for research to document impact
  • Certain aspects are emphasized
    • separate sterile instruments for each patient
    • use of proper surgical technique
    • gentle tissue handling
    • surgeon expectations
    • complete removal of both testies and ovary
  • Despite large numbers of surgeries, mobitidy/mortality rates are at or below those in private practice
    • partly due to technique
    • largley comes from repetition, highly trained staff, selected anesthesia/analgesia protocols, and patient selection
23
Q

HQHVSN Surgical Techniques

A
  • May differ from traditional techniques utilized in private practice
  • Can be implemented in prvate practine
  • Male Dogs:
    • Scrotal apprach to neuters are typically performed
      • Incision into he scrotum to facilitate removal of the testicles- the incision can be partially closed or left open to allow drainage post-op
  • Female Cats:
    • use ovarian pedicle tie (“augoligation”) rather than the traditional double ligation of the ovarian pedicle
    • Approaching a spay through flank incision may also be more appealing for feral/community cats and lactating queens
  • Using permanent marker to identify altered animals
    • Feral cats - removal of the distal most portion of the ear (often left ear tip)
      • Creates a visual that the animal need not be removed for TNR
    • Companion animas - often delineated with a green tatoo on the ventral abdomen
      • implementation of this in private practice assures that animals won’t have to undergo unnecessay anesthetic to verify S/N status
24
Q

ASV Standards

A
  • Surgeon
    • Steril hand/arm scrub
    • Cap, mask, sterile gloves
    • +/- gown
    • Change gloves between each patient
  • Use separate sterile instruments for each patient
  • Proper surgical technique
  • Gental tissue handling
    • Meticulous homeostasis
    • Aseptic technique
    • Attentive suture handling and security
  • Both testicles or ovaries need to be removed
    • Ovario-hysterectomy vs. ovariectomy
25
Q

High Volume and High Quality

A
  • Speed = Safety
  • Not just a podut of surgical technique
    • Repitiion
    • Well oiled, highly trained team
    • Anesthesia/analgesic protocol
    • Patient selection
      • Peditrics
      • TNR
  • NOT cutting corners
    • Morbidity/Mortality rates at or below privat practice
    • Techniques valid in private practice
26
Q

Alternative Canine Neuter Techniques

A
  • Traditional - Pre-scrotal Incision
    • clossed or open procedure
    • Double ligature
    • SQ and skin closure
  • Alternative - Scrotal Incision
    • Closed procedure
    • Double or single ligature
    • Single suture closing the raphe
    • No sutures in the skin
27
Q

Scrotal vs Pre-Scrotal studies

A
  • Unpublished study at Oklahoma State University
    • 84 dogs
    • Randomized prospective case series
    • Rechecks at 1hr, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days
    • Observations for ste-redness, swelling, hemorrage, dischage or dehiscee
    • No statistical difference between the 2 groups
  • Scrotal approach is their standard technique >5 years
  • Scrotal Castration vs. Pre-scrotal Castration in Dogs: Veterinary Medicine, May 2015
    • 437 dogs
    • Prospectie case series
    • rechecs at 2, 4, 6, 24, and 72 hours
    • Observations for bleeding from the site, pain, self trauma, and swelling at the site and scrotum
    • Pre-scroal approach = higher incidence of self trauma, otherwise no difference in complications
    • Scrotal approach = 30% faster
28
Q

Suture-less Scrotal Castrations in Canines

A
  • Parients typically <5 months of age and <25 lbs
  • Single scrotal incision
  • spermatic cords are pedicle/instrument tied
  • closure with tissue glue or left open
  • May be safer than pre-scrotal appeach in puppies
  • Suture cost savings in addition to time
  • Ongoing study at Oregon Stae University
    • Preliminary data shows no increased risk
29
Q

Feline Spays

A
  • Traditional = Double ligate ovarian pedicle
    • Midline incision
    • Double ligate ovarian pedicle
  • Alternative = Ovarian pedicle tie
    • Relatively new technique
    • Rarely mention in literature
  • Alernative = Flank Incision
    • Feral cats - TNR
    • Lactating Queens

Shelter Medicine (13 decks)

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