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B3 > Transporting Materials > Flashcards

Transporting Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What does the double circulatory system do?

A

One pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen, while the second pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs.

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2
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries.

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3
Q

What carries blood towards the heart?

A

Veins.

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4
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body.

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5
Q

What are the walls of the heart made of?

A

Muscle tissue.

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6
Q

How is the muscle tissue of the heart supplied with oxygen?

A

By the coronary arteries.

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7
Q

What do the valves do?

A

Prevent blood flowing backwards.

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8
Q

How does blood flow into the right atrium?

A

The vena cava.

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9
Q

How does blood flow into the left atrium?

A

The pulmonary vein.

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10
Q

How does blood get into the ventricles?

A

The atria contract together and force the blood down.

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11
Q

How does blood get out of the heart?

A

The ventricles contract forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta.

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12
Q

Hw does blood leave the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary artery.

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13
Q

How does blood leave the left side of the heart?

A

Aorta.

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14
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Cary blood away fro the heart to the organs of the body.

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15
Q

Why do the artery walls need to be strong and elastic?

A

The heart pumps the blood out at high pressures.

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16
Q

Compared to the lumen what is the size of the artery walls?

A

The walls are thick.

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17
Q

How do arteries spring back?

A

They contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back.

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18
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards the heart.

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19
Q

Why don’t the walls of a vein need to be as thick as arteries?

A

The blood is at a lower pressure.

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20
Q

Why do veins have bigger lumen?

A

To help the blood flow.

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21
Q

What else do veins have?

A

Valves, to prevent flood flowing in the wrong direction.

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22
Q

What are capillaries?

A

A huge network of tiny vessels linking arteries and veins. They are also involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues.

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23
Q

Why do capillaries have permeable walls?

A

So substances can diffuse in and out, such as oxygen and glucose. They also allow CO2 to be removed.

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24
Q

Why are the walls of the capillaries only one cell thick?

A

This increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.

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25
Q

Why might someone need artificial blood?

A

If they lose a lot of blood in an accident.

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26
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute which is used to replace the lost volume of blood.

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27
Q

What are artificial hearts?

A

A mechanical device that is put in a person to pump blood if their own hert fails.

28
Q

What is the advantage of an artificial heart?

A

They’re not rejected by the body’s immune system, because they’re made from metals or plastics, so the body does recognise them as foreign and attack in the same way as it does with living tissue.

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A

Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection. Moreover they don’t work as well as healthy natural ones. Blood doesn’t flow through the artificial hearts as smoothly, which can cause blood clots and lead to strokes. Have to take drugs to thin the blood to stop clots but this could be dangerous in an accident.

30
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes inserted into arteries. They keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscle.

31
Q

Why would you need a stent?

A

As you age the arteries get narrower when fatty deposits form on the lining of the vessel.

32
Q

How do stents work?

A

Once in place a tiny balloon is inflated to open up the artery and the stent at the same time, then blood can flow freely.

33
Q

What are the advantages of stents?

A

They lower the risk of a heart attack in people with coronary heart disease, without the need of general anaesthetic.

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A

Over time arteries grow narrow again as stents can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow. The patient also has to take drugs to stop blood clotting on the stent.

35
Q

Why do valves need replacing?

A

Valves have to withstand a lot of pressure, so they may weaken and start to leak after a while.

36
Q

What kinds of valves are there?

A

Mechanical and biological.

37
Q

What are mechanical valves made of?

A

Titanium and polymers.

38
Q

What are the advantages of mechanical valves?

A

They last for a very long time?

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of mechanical valves?

A

You have to take medicine to stop your blood clotting.

40
Q

Where do biological valves come from?

A

Animals such as pigs or cattle.

41
Q

What are the advantages of biological valves?

A

They work extremely well and the patient does not need any medication.

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of biological valves?

A

They only last for about 15 years.

43
Q

Through the heart what is the path?

A

Veins -> atria -> ventricles -> arteries.

44
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by fatty deposits. This causes the arteries to become narrow and blood flow is restricted and this can result in a heart attack.

45
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue that consists of a fluid called plasma.

46
Q

What does plasma carry?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, CO2, urea, hormones, antibodies and antitoxins.

47
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body.

48
Q

How does the shape of the red blood cell help?

A

It is biconcave so has a larger surface area for absorbing oxygen.

49
Q

What don’t red blood cells have and why?

A

A nucleus so they have more room to carry oxygen.

50
Q

What do red blood cells contain that carries the oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin.

51
Q

In high concentrations of oxygen what happens to the haemoglobin?

A

It reacts with the oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

52
Q

What happens to the oxyghaemoglobin in a lower concentration of oxygen?

A

It splits and the oxygen formed diffuses into cells where it is needed.

53
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

They can change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms. They produce antibodies to fight microorganisms, as well as antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by the microorganisms.

54
Q

What is different about red blood cells and white blood cells?

A

White blood cells do have a nucleus.

55
Q

What are platelets?

A

Tiny fragments of cells which have no nucleus.

56
Q

How do platelets create a blood clot>

A

They help produce a network of protein threads. The threads then capture lots of red blood cells and more platelets to form a jelly-like clot.

57
Q

What do clots prevent?

A

Stop blood pouring out and microorganisms getting in.

58
Q

What can lack of platelets cause?

A

Excessive bleeding and bruising.

59
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

Transports sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

60
Q

Where else is food transported?

A

To the storage organs where it is needed to provide energy for the winter.

61
Q

Is phloem a living tissue?

A

Yes.

62
Q

What direction does the transport of the phloem go?

A

Both directions.

63
Q

What is phloem made of?

A

Columns of living tissue with small holes in the ends to allow stuff to flow through.

64
Q

What does xylem transport?

A

Water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves in the transpiration stream.

65
Q

What is the xylem made of?

A

Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle.

66
Q

Why is the phloem in plants important?

A

Important to move food made by photosynthesis around the plant. All the cells need sugars for respiration as well as to provide materials for growth.

67
Q

Why is the xylem in plants important?

A

The mineral ions are needed for the production of proteins and other molecules within the cells. Water is needed for photosynthesis, to hold the plant upright.

B3 (6 decks)

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