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B3 > Keeping Internal Conditions Constant > Flashcards

Keeping Internal Conditions Constant Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main poisonous waste products?

A

Carbon dioxide and urea.

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2
Q

What are the kidneys main role?

A

Removal of urea from the blood, adjustment of ions in the blood, adjustment of water content of the blood.

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3
Q

Proteins cannot be stored so what happens to them?

A

Any excess amino acids are converted into fats and carbohydrates, which can be stored.

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4
Q

Where does the conversion of proteins to fats occur and what is the waste product?

A

Liver, urea.

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5
Q

What does the liver do with the urea?

A

It released into the bloodstream, where the kidneys then filter it out.

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6
Q

How do ions get into our body?

A

By the food we eat.

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7
Q

What could happen if the ion content in our body is wrong?

A

This could upset the balance between ions and water, meaning too much or too little water is drawn into the cells by osmosis.

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8
Q

How are excess ions removed?

A

By the kidneys.

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9
Q

How else are some ions lost?

A

In sweat.

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10
Q

How is water lost?

A

In urine, in sweat, in the air we breathe out.

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11
Q

What is the water balance between?

A

Liquids consumes, amount sweated out, amount excreted by the kidneys in the urine.

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12
Q

How do sports drinks help?

A

They replace the water and ions lost in sweat, while the sugar can replace the sugar that’s used up by muscles during exercise.

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13
Q

What are nephrons?

A

The filtration units in the kidney.

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14
Q

What and how is squeezed into the Bowman’s capsule?

A

A high pressure is built up which squeezes water, urea, ions and sugar out of the blood.

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15
Q

What do the membranes between the blood vessels and the Bowman’s capsule act as?

A

Filters, so big molecules like proteins and blood cells remain in the blood.

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16
Q

What happens as liquid flows along the nephron?

A

Useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood.

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17
Q

What useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood?

A

All sugar, sufficient ions, sufficient water.

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18
Q

What is it called when only the liquids needed are reabsorbed?

A

Selective reabsorption.

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19
Q

How are sugars and ions reabsorbed?

A

Active transport.

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20
Q

What happens to the remaining substances?

A

They continue out of the nephron, into the ureter and down to the bladder as urine.

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21
Q

Why is urine yellow?

A

Uroblins.

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22
Q

What does urine contain?

A

Water, glucose, urea and salt.

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23
Q

How are urobilins formed?

A

They are a result from the breakdown of haemoglobin in the liver.

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24
Q

What two methods are used to treat the problem of kidney failure?

A

Dialysis, kidney transplant.

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25
Q

Why does dialysis have to be done regularly?

A

To keep the concentrations of dissolved substances in the blood at normal levels, and to remove waste substances.

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26
Q

What happens in a dialysis machine?

A

The person’s blood flows alongside a selectively permeable barrier, surrounded by dialysis fluid.

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27
Q

What is the permeable barrier permeable to?

A

Ions and waste substances, but no big molecules like proteins.

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28
Q

Describe the concentration of the dialysis fluid?

A

The fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood, so that none is lost in from the blood during dialysis.

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

A

You have to have dialysis sessions three times a week and each session takes 3-4 hours. Moreover dialysis can cause blood clots or infection. You have to follow a carefully controlled diet.

30
Q

What is the only cure for kidney disease?

A

Kidney transplant.

31
Q

Where do kidneys come from?

A

Donors, once people die. Or living humans as we all have two of them.

32
Q

How are kidneys rejected?

A

The antigens of the donor organ will be different to those of the recipient. There is a risk that the antibodies of the immune system will attack the antigens on the donor, resulting in the rejection and destruction of the donated kidney.

33
Q

What precautions are taken to avoid kidney rejection?

A

A donor with a tissue type that closely matches. Patient is treated with drugs to suppress the immune system, so that their immune system won’t attack the transplanted kidney.

34
Q

What are the drugs called which are used in kidney transplant?

A

Immunosuppressant drugs and they supress their immune response.

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of immunosuppressant drugs?

A

They prevent the patient from dealing effectively with infectious diseases.

36
Q

What are other disadvantages of kidney transplants?

A

Transplant organs don’t last forever, on average they work for 9 years. Risk of rejection.

37
Q

What are the advantages of kidney transplants?

A

You are free from restrictions, you can eat what you want.

38
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

39
Q

What needs to be controlled inside the body?

A

Temperature, water content, ion content, blood sugar, carbon dioxide and urea.

40
Q

How is CO2 formed?

A

A product of respiration.

41
Q

What is the ideal temperature for the body?

A

37C

42
Q

What does the thermoregulatory system do?

A

It contains receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.

43
Q

Where else does the thermoregulatory centre receive impulses from?

A

The skin, giving information about skin temperature.

44
Q

What happens to stop you overheating?

A

Hairs lie flat, sweat is produced by sweat glands and evaporates which removes excess heat, blood vessels supplying the skin dilate so more blood flows close to the surface of the skin.

45
Q

Why do blood vessels dilate?

A

The makes it easier for heat to be transferred from the blood to the environment.

46
Q

What happens if you get too hot?

A

Your enzymes denature and can no longer catalyse the reactions in your cells. Impulses are sent from the thermoregulatory centre to the body so that more energy is released.

47
Q

What happens if you get too cold?

A

The rate of the enzyme-controlled reactions in your cells falls to low. You don’t release enough energy and your cells being to die. Impulses are sent from the thermoregulatory centre to the body to conserve more energy.

48
Q

How is more energy conserved when you are too cold?

A

Hairs stand up to trap an insulating layer of air. No sweat is produced. Blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict to close off the skin’s blood supply.

49
Q

What is shivering?

A

When your muscles contract automatically which releases energy to warm to the body.

50
Q

What would happen if you didn’t control your blood glucose levels?

A

Your blood glucose levels would vary significantly. They would range from very high after a meal to very low several hours later - so that cells would not have enough glucose to respire.

51
Q

What removes glucose from the blood?

A

Normal metabolism, vigorous exercise.

52
Q

What is released and where from when your blood glucose level is too high?

A

Insulin secreted by the pancreas.

53
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Makes liver turn glucose into glycogen.

54
Q

When your blood glucose level is too low what is released and where from?

A

Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas.

55
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Makes liver turn glycogen into glucose.

56
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

57
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be controlled?

A

Limiting the intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates and these cause blood glucose levels to rise rapidly. Regular exercise, helps to lower the blood glucose level. Insulin therapy.

58
Q

What is insulin therapy?

A

Where several injections of insulin are taken throughout the day. This makes sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested. Stops blood glucose levels getting too high.

59
Q

Where did insulin used to come from?

A

The pancreas of pigs or cows.

60
Q

Where does insulin come from now?

A

Human insulin is made by genetic engineering.

61
Q

Why are insulin injections good?

A

They help to control a person’s blood glucose level.

62
Q

What are the disadvantages of insulin injections?

A

Levels still cannot be controlled as accurately as having a normal working pancreas, so they may still have long-term health problems.

63
Q

What can diabetics have instead of injections?

A

Pancreas transplants.

64
Q

What are the advantages of pancreas transplants?

A

Never have to inject insulin again.

65
Q

What are the disadvantages of pancreas transplants?

A

Risk of rejection and you have to take immunosuppressive drugs which often have serious side effects.

66
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

A result of lack of exercise, pancreas makes insulin just less.

67
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be fixed?

A

Eating a balanced diet with carefully controlled amounts of carbohydrates, losing weight, doing regular exercise.

68
Q

What else can be done to fix type 2 diabetes?

A

Take drugs which help insulin work better on the body cells, helps your pancreas make more insulin, reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from your gut.

B3 (6 decks)

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