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geog 183 arc 2 > Transportation, Economy, and Society > Flashcards

Transportation, Economy, and Society Flashcards

1
Q

Transportation development ushers ____ & encourages
_____ in an area. The development of transportation systems is
embedded within the scale and context in which they take place.

A

economic improvements
urbanization

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2
Q

Regulation, Deregulation, and Privatization = towards ___

A

transport efficiency

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3
Q

Transport as a universal good: man is dependent on it
1.
2.
3.

A

To manage complex pattern of mobility
Manage the negative externalities of transport
Security (recent)

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4
Q

___ is involved in the overall regulation and management of transport activities
because the conditions rarely exist for an entirely free market in transport to function

A

State

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5
Q
  • No accepted, or straightforward, definition: legal mechanisms
  • depends on the level of aggregation and the country of origin.
  • The social basis of ____ is often justified on the basis of an economic rationale.
A

REGULATION

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6
Q

____ seeks to promote both efficiency and equity

A

Regulation

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7
Q
  • Self-regulation
  • Free competition is sufficient to ensure efficiency of markets
  • Regulation is to ensure free competition

Competition where possible, regulation only when necessary

A

Neo-Liberals

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8
Q
  • Free markets as neither natural nor desirable
  • Markets are created by governments, ordered by institutions, sustained by
    regulations
  • Regulation is the very definition of the market
  • Regulation & Competition are complements rather than alternatives
A

Social-Institutional

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9
Q

Holy trinity of any regulatory framework:

A
  • Compliance: lifeblood of regulation
  • Legitimacy: only thru democratic process
  • Trust: thru shared norms & repeated contacts
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10
Q

_____ of the state’s existing functions was taking place as privatization and
deregulation significantly curtailed the public provision of services.

A

Hollowing out

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11
Q

The process of_____ – the introduction of new and different state functions to
replace old ones being discontinued – was always in evidence

A

filling in

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12
Q

______ should not be interpreted as a simple
reduction of state intervention and control, but rather, they are part
of a broader process of state restructuring which incorporates elements
of both deregulation and re-regulation as established modes of organizations are dismantled and new ones established. (Peck, 2001).

A

Privatization and deregulation

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13
Q

involve commercial contracts between public authorities (state or local) and private
businesses in the design, construction, financing and operation of public infrastructure and services that have traditionally been delivered by the public sector.

A

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTICIPATION

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14
Q
  • Framework that – while engaging private sector – acknowledge & structure the role
    of gov’t in ensuring that social obligations are met & successful sector reforms &
    public investments are achieved
  • Allocates tasks, obligations and risks in an optimal way
  • Allocate risks to partners who are best able to manage those risks & thus minimize
    costs while improving performance
A

PPPs

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15
Q
  • contracts transfer obligations to the private sector rather than emphasizing
    opportunity for partnership
  • Backlash led to legitimate public concerns, thus PPPs
A

PSP (Private Sector Participation)

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16
Q
  • Involves the sale of ownership in a company or operating assets by the public sector
  • Often accompanied by sector-specific regulatory arrangements to take account of social & policy concerns
A

Privatization

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17
Q

Common Characteristics of PPPs

A
  • Long contract duration, fixed term (50 yrs)
  • Financing comes in part from the private sector, but requires payments from the
    public sector and/or users over the lifetime of the project
  • An attempt to distribute risks between the public partner and the private partner according to the respective ability of the parties to assess, control and cope with
    them.
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18
Q
  • BOT :
  • BOT :
  • BOO:
  • BOOT:
  • BLT:
  • BTO:
  • BT:
  • CAO:
  • DBFO:
  • DOT:
  • ROT:
  • ROT :
  • ROO:
A
  • BOT : Build, Operate, Transfer
  • BOT : Build, Own, and Transfer
  • BOO: Build, Own, Operate
  • BOOT: Build, Own, Operate, & Transfer
  • BLT: Build, Lease, Transfer
  • BTO: Build, Transfer, Operate
  • BT: Build, Transfer
  • CAO: Contract, Add, Operate
  • DBFO: Design, Build, Finance, & Operate
  • DOT: Develop, Operate, Transfer
  • ROT: Rehabilitate, Operate, Transfer
  • ROT : Rehabilitate, Own, and Transfer
  • ROO: Rehabilitate, Own, Operate
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19
Q

contractual arrangement whereby the proponent
undertakes the construction, including financing of a given infrastructure facility and the
operation and maintenance thereof. The proponent operates the facility over a fixed term during which it is allowed to charge facility users appropriate tolls, fees, rentals and charges

A

BUILD-OPERATE-TRANSFER

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20
Q

a contractual arrangement whereby the proponent undertakes the financing and construction of a given infrastructure or development facility and after its completion turns it over to the government agency or local government unit concerned which shall pay the proponent on an agreed schedule its total investment expended on the project plus a reasonable rate of return thereon.

A

BUILD AND TRANSFER

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21
Q

a contractual arrangement whereby a proponent is
authorized to finance ,construct, own, operate and maintain an infrastructure or development facility from which the proponent is allowed to recover its total investment, operating and
maintenance costs plus a reasonable return

A

BUILD-OWN-AND-OPERATE

22
Q

a contractual arrangement whereby a proponent is authorized to finance and construct an infrastructure or development facility and upon its completion turns it over to the government agency or local government unit concerned on a lease arrangement for a fixed period after which the ownership of the facility is automatically transferred to the government agency or local government concerned.

A

BUILD-LEASE-TRANSFER

23
Q

a contractual arrangement whereby the proponent adds to an existing infrastructure facility which it is renting from the government. It operates the expanded project over an agreed franchise period

A

CONTRACT-ADD-OPERATE

24
Q

a contractual arrangement whereby favorable conditions external to a new infrastructure project which is to be built by a private project proponent are integrated into the arrangement by giving that entity the right to develop adjoining property and thus enjoy some of the benefits the investment create

A

DEVELOP-OPERATE-TRANSFER

25
Q

a contractual arrangement whereby an existing facility is turned over to the private sector to refurbish, operate and maintain for a franchise period

A

REHABILITATE-OPERATE-TRANSFER

26
Q

contractual arrangement whereby an existing facility
is turned over to the private sector to refurbish and operate with no time limitation imposed on ownership.

A

REHABILITATE-OWN-TRANSFER

27
Q

Benefits of a BOT Scheme

A
  • Alternative source of financing
  • No investment cost to LGUs
  • Offers proper allocation of risks
  • Better and reliable service and consistent supply
  • Project sustainability
  • New technology and skills
28
Q
  • built in 1996 by the Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC) a private consortium
    under a Build-Lease-Transfer (BLT) agreement
  • MRTC entitled them to receive equity rentals over a period of twenty five (25) years.
  • The loans are backed by a sovereign undertaking of the government, as agreed with
    the DOF, to share risks with investors and credits.
  • As with regards to the operation of MRT 3, the government has been subsidizing portions of their operational cost which could not be sufficiently covered by their revenues.
A

MRT line 3

29
Q

Motivation for engagement in a PPP

A
  • Mobilization of Private Capital
  • Tool for greater Efficiency
  • Catalyst for broader sectoral reform
30
Q

The most dramatic trend in urban travel during the 20th century has been the rise in ______

A

car ownership and use

31
Q

1st major surge occurred in 1920s in the USA with ______, the first car mass produced and sold at a price affordable to working-class households.

A

Henry Ford’s Model T

32
Q

The _____ is positively correlated with ____ or income levels (Small, 1992):
hence as real income increases over time, the demand for faster modes of travel also increases.

A

value of time

wage rates

33
Q

____ is the ease of movement between places.

A

Accessibility

34
Q

___ in Propensity for interaction = ____cost of movement

A

Increase, Decrease

35
Q

It is a function both of spatial structure and of the transportation system.
* ____ is used to describe the spatial distribution of activity sites with respect to a
given location.

A

Accessibility

36
Q

For any given _____, mobility increases with the supply of transportation services available and the ability to use or purchase these services.

A

land-use distribution

37
Q

Activity-based models of travel demand

______: Models of population segments
_______: Models of individuals or households

A

AGGREGATE MODELS
DISAGGREGATE MODELS

38
Q

______ seek to capture the complex process of choosing a set of daily activities and their location, timing and sequencing.

A

Activity-based models

39
Q

Disaggregate research is ___

A

trip-based

40
Q

Focuses on the interplay of space and time

A

Hagerstrand’s Model

41
Q

3 categories of time and space constraints affecting activity patterns

A

Capability Constraints
Coupling constraints
Authority constraints

42
Q

describes the limits of the physical system, the
transportation technology available and the fact that one can only be in one place at a given time.

A

Capability Constraints

43
Q

describe the schedule dependences of activities, such as the hours of operation of stores, or an individual’s work schedule.

A

Coupling constraints

44
Q

describe the legal, social or political limitations placed
on access, such as the age requirement for a driver’s license

A

Authority constraints

45
Q
  • Car ownership is significantly related to _____
  • As economic well-being improves in lower income countries, car ownership will also increase.
  • The greatest dispersion of car ownership rates is found among the higher-income
    countries.
  • World’s poorer countries perform worst on most measures of transport availability, use & investment.
A

per-capita income

46
Q
  • Travel patterns within countries are highly varied, yet the same general trend of increasing car use is evident.
  • Trend of increasing car use is obvious, but the rate of increase varies greatly.
  • Increased car use has come at the expense of both public transport and non-motorized travel, depending on the urban area.
  • Rising car ownership is illustrated by the decrease in the number of households with no vehicles and increase in households with more than one vehicles.
  • Public-transport use has continued to lose market share.
  • Another trend is an increase in trip distances.
  • The purpose of trip-making has changed in that work trip constitutes a declining share
    of all travel, in terms of both trips and travel distance.
  • Declining share of work trips has taken place despite increased labor-force participation rates.
A

erm

47
Q

Rise in car use and decline in other modes can be attributed to the following:

A
  1. RISING AFFLUENCE
  2. CHANGING HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE
  3. LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY WOMEN
  4. CHANGING LAND USE PATTERNS
48
Q

Major trend in shifting land-use is due to decentralization, made possible by
suburbanization.

  • Large scale population _____ is followed by large-scale employment
    decentralization and emergence of agglomeration sites
  • _____ has been accompanied by dispersion
A

suburbanization

Decentralization

49
Q
  • Car provides unprecedented levels of mobility.
  • Rising car use has been supported by larger __________and favored employment as well as population decentralization.
  • As _______ become more complementary
    to car use, other modes of transport has become less competitive.
  • The social, environmental, and financial consequences of increasing reliance to car
    use has significant effects.
A

economic trends that has increased per-capita income

decentralization advances and land-use patterns

50
Q

ECONOMIC FORCES AFFECTING DECENTRALIZATION:

A
  • Rising per capita income
  • Economic restructuring
  • Changing in economic structure
  • Improvements in ICT

geog 183 arc 2 (3 decks)

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