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Biology - Unit Three > Transport Systems > Flashcards

Transport Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the circulatory system?

A

To get food and oxygen to every cell in the body can to carry waste products to where they can be removed from the body.

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2
Q

What organs does the circulatory system contain?

A

The heart, blood vessels and blood.

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3
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

A circulatory system made of two circuits joined together.

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4
Q

What does the first circuit of the circulatory system do?

A

It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and then returns it to the heart.

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5
Q

What does the second circuit of the circulatory system do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around the body and then returns the deoxygenated blood to the heart ready to be pumped around the first circuit again.

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6
Q

What are the walls of the heart made of?

A

Muscle tissue

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7
Q

What are the atriums of the heart?

A

The upper chambers of the heart that pump blood into the ventricles.

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8
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

The lower chambers of the heart that pump the blood into the body.

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9
Q

Which one is the pulmonary artery?

A

Second from the left. Takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

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10
Q

Which one is the vena cava?

A

The furthest left. It pumps deoxygenated blood into the right atrium.

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11
Q

Which one is the aorta?

A

The second from the right. It transports oxygenated blood around the body.

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12
Q

Which one is the pulmonary vein?

A

The right most. It pumps newly oxygenated blood into the left atrium.

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13
Q

What do the heart valves do?

A

Prevent the blood from flowing backwards.

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14
Q

Describe the movement of deoxygenated blood through the heart.

A

1) Deoxyenated blood enters through vena cava into the right atrium
2) The right atrium contracts which pushes the blood into the right ventricle.
3) The right ventricle contracts which forces blood into the pulmonary artery.

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15
Q

Describe the movement of oxygenated blood around the heart.

A

1) Enters through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium.
2) The left atrium contacts which forces the blood into the left ventricle.
3) The left ventricle contracts which forces the blood through the aorta.

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16
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart towards the organs.

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17
Q

How are arteries adapted?

A
  • Thick muscle layers to make them strong
  • Elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back
  • Large walls compared to the size of the lumen
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18
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The hole in the arteries and veins through which the blood flows.

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19
Q

Why do arteries need to be strong and elastic?

A

The blood from the heart is at a very high pressure.

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20
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood close to cells to deposit oxygen and nutrients and pick up any waste products from the cells.

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21
Q

How are capillaries adapted?

A
  • Permeable walls for easy exchange
  • One cell thick walls to increase rate of diffusion by decreasing diffusion pathway
  • Very narrow so high surface area to volume ratio
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22
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood into the heart.

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23
Q

Why aren’t the muscle and elastic fibres in the veins as thick as those in arteries?

A

Because the blood is at a much lower pressure.

24
Q

How are veins adapted?

A
  • Big lumen to allow for blood flow
  • Valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction
  • Some elastic and muscle fibres
25
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue that carries substances around the body.

26
Q

What is the composition of the blood?

A

Red and white blood cells and platelets suspended in plasma.

27
Q

What is the job of the red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen around the body.

28
Q

Why do red blood cells have a Biconcave shape?

A

To give them a larger surface area for aborning oxygen.

29
Q

What allows red blood cells to carry oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

30
Q

Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

To make way for more haemoglobin.

31
Q

What happens to red blood cells in the lungs?

A

Oxygen is released into blood which combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin.

32
Q

What happens to red blood cells in body tissues?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen.

33
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

To defend against microorganisms that cause disease.

34
Q

What are the three ways white blood cells defend against disease?

A
  • They can engulf and digest pathogens
  • They can produce antibodies
  • Produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins
35
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells that have no nucleus that help the blood to clot at a wound.

36
Q

What does blood clotting do?

A
  • Stops you from losing too much blood

* Stops microbes entering the wound

37
Q

What does plasma carry?

A
  • Red and white blood cells and platelets
  • Nutrients
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Urea
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies and antitoxins
38
Q

What are artificial hearts?

A

Mechanical devices that help people pump blood if their heart fails. They are generally used in the short term until a donor heart can be found.

39
Q

What are two advantages of artificial hearts?

A
  • Extend life while donor is found

* Less likely to be rejected by the immune system than donated hearts as they aren’t detected as foreign bodies

40
Q

What are five disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A
  • Surgery can cause bleeding and infection
  • Artificial hearts don’t work as well as healthy natural hearts
  • Blood doesn’t run smoothly so chance of blood clots and strokes
  • Immunosuppressive drugs are dangerous
  • Can be uncomfortable
41
Q

What are artificial heart valves?

A

Mechanical devices that make sure blood only flows the right direction through the heart just like normal heart valves do.

42
Q

What are stents?

A

Wire mesh tubes inserted inside the arteries to widen them m.

43
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries become blocked by fatty deposits which restrict blood flow.

44
Q

How can stents help people with coronary heart disease?

A

The stents keep the coronary arteries open so that blood can pass through them.

45
Q

What is an advantage and two disadvantages of stents?

A

+Lower risk of heart attack

  • Stents can irritate arteries which causes scabbing and therefore makes the lumen smaller again
  • Risk of blood clotting on the stent
46
Q

What is advantage and three disadvantages of blood donation?

A

+Blood can be separated into different parts to be distributed depending on the problem

  • Can’t be stored for very long
  • Risk of infection
  • Risk of rejection by immune system
47
Q

What are volume expanders?

A

Blood substitutes that make up for lost volume so that the body can still pump its red blood cells around the body until it makes more.

48
Q

What are two advantages of volume expanders?

A

+Safe if no air bubbles get in

+Can keep people alive even if they’ve lost 2/3 of their blood

49
Q

What are oxygen-carrying substitutes?

A

Artificial blood substitutes that work identically to red blood cells. They are still in development.

50
Q

What are phloem?

A

Tubes made of columns of living cells with small holes in either end to allow substances to flow through.

51
Q

What do phloem do?

A

They transport food (mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to growing regions and storage organs.

52
Q

In what direction do products move through the phloem?

A

Both

53
Q

What are xylem?

A

Tubes of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls.

54
Q

What do xylem do?

A

Carry water and mineral ions up the plant from the roots to the stem to the leaves.

55
Q

What is the transpiration system?

A

The movement of water through a plant from the roots to the leaves.

56
Q

Describe transpiration in plants.

A

1) Water from inside a leaf evaporated and diffused out of the leaf through the stomata
2) This creates a shortage in the leaf so water is drawn up through the xylem
3) This makes the roots draw up more water from the roots

Biology - Unit Three (4 decks)

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