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Biology - Unit Three > Movement of Molecules Into and Out of Cells > Flashcards

Movement of Molecules Into and Out of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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2
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane with very small holes in it that only tiny molecules like water can pass through.

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3
Q

Describe the movement of water molecules during osmosis.

A

The water molecules move randomly both ways through the partially permeable membrane but there’s a steady net flow of water into the area of low concentration.

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4
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Fluid that surrounds the cells of the body containing water, oxygen, glucose and other nutrients.

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5
Q

How can one increase the amount of water moving into a cell?

A

The concentration of water around the cell will increase so that the water moves into the cell by osmosis.

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6
Q

What happens if a cell has too much water?

A

The concentration will be higher in the cell than in the tissue fluid so the water will move out of the cell via osmosis.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of sports drinks?

A

To replace water and ions lost through perspiration and replace the sugar used by the muscles during exercise.

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8
Q

What four things should be considered when evaluating claims made by sports drinks companies?

A
  • Is the report a scientific study, published in a reputable journal
  • Was it written by a qualified, independent company?
  • Was the sample size sufficient?
  • Have other studies found similar results?
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9
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is the movement of particulars from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy and a carrier protein.

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10
Q

What is a use of active transport?

A

Taking in remaining nutrients from the digestive system when the concentration will be higher in the blood.

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11
Q

What is an exchange surface?

A

A surface through which gases and dissolved substances move during life processes.

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12
Q

What are four ways that exchange surfaces are adapted?

A
  • Thin so short diffusion pathway.
  • Large surface area so lots of a substance can diffuse at once.
  • Good blood supply to get nutrients in and out the blood quickly.
  • Animals often have ventilated has exchange surfaces.
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13
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

To transfer oxygen into and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

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14
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Little air sacs in the lungs covered in capillaries where gas exchange takes place.

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15
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A
  • There is a higher concentration of oxygen in the alveoli so oxygen diffuses into the blood stream
  • There is a lower concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli so carbon dioxide diffuses into them from the blood stream
  • Air moves in and out of the alveoli via the bronchiole
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16
Q

What are four adaptions of the alveoli?

A
  • Enormous surface area
  • A moist lining for dissolving gases
  • Very thin walls
  • Good blood supply from the capillaries
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17
Q

What does the small intestine have to help with abortion of nutrients?

A

Villi

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18
Q

How are villi adapted?

A
  • Tgey have cell-thick surfaces for short diffusion pathways
  • A very good blood supply from capillaries for quick absorption
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19
Q

What is the breathing system?

A

How air gets in and out of your lungs.

20
Q

What is the thorax?

A

The top part of your body.

21
Q

What separates the thorax from the abdomen?

A

The diaphragm

22
Q

What protects the lungs?

A

The rib cage

23
Q

How does air enter the body?

A

Through the trachea. The air then goes down one of two bronchi (singular bronchus) which are both linked to a lung.

24
Q

What do the bronchi split into?

A

Bronchioles which feed into the alveoli.

25
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs.

26
Q

What happens when we breathe in?

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract
  • Rib cage moves up and out
  • Diaphragm contracts to flatten
  • Pressure on thorax decreased so it expands
  • Air drawn in to the lungs
27
Q

What happens when we breathe out?

A
  • Intercostal muscles relax
  • Ribcage moves down and in
  • Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
  • Volume of thorax decreases as pressure increases
  • Air forces out lungs
28
Q

What is an iron lung?

A

An artificial ventilator in the form of a giant case.

29
Q

How does an iron lung work?

A

Air is pumped out of the case to cause pressure to drop allowing the lungs to draw in air. Air is then pumped into the case to force air out of the lungs.

30
Q

What is a problem with the iron lung?

A

It messes with the blood flow to the lower body.

31
Q

How do modern ventilators work?

A

Air is pumped into the lungs and then stops to allow the air to be released.

32
Q

What is an advantage or a disadvantage of having a modern ventilator?

A

+Doesn’t interfere with blood flow

-Can occasionally cause damage to lungs if they can’t cope with the artificial air flow

33
Q

Describe the movement of carbon dioxide into a leaf.

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the air spaces within the leaf through the stomata and then into the palisade leaf cells.

34
Q

Describe the movement of oxygen and water vapour out of a leaf.

A

Water vapour and oxygen first diffuse into the air spaces in the leaf from the palisade leaf cells and then diffuse out into the air through the stomata.

35
Q

Where is the exchange surface of a leaf found?

A

On the bottom.

36
Q

How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis?

A
  • Stomata allow gas in and out

* Flattened shape increases surface area of exchange surface

37
Q

What happens if a leaf is losing more water than it gain through the roots?

A

The stomata are closed by the guard cells.

38
Q

What would happen to plants if they didn’t have guard cells?

A

The plants would lose so much water that they’d wilt.

39
Q

How many guard cells does each stomata have?

A

Two

40
Q

What happens to the guard cells at night?

A

They detect low light levels and so close the stomata to save water.

41
Q

Why does heat aid evaporation and water loss?

A

The heat gives the water more energy to evaporate.

42
Q

Why do dry conditions aid evaporation and water loss?

A

Water molecules will diffuse out of the leaf into the air.

43
Q

Why does wind help the evaporation and water loss?

A

Wind carries water vapour away from the leaf, maintaining a low concentration of water in the air around the leaf.

44
Q

Why do cells on the surface o plant roots have long hairs?

A

It gives the plant a larger surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.

45
Q

How do mineral ions enter the root hair cells?

A

Active transport

Biology - Unit Three (4 decks)

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