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Biology Unit 3 > Transport Systems > Flashcards

Transport Systems Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the main features of veins?

A
  • Carry blood towards the heart
  • Purply-red and low in oxygen
  • No pulse
  • Have valves to prevent back-flow of blood
  • Thin walls with large lumen
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1
Q

What are the main feature of arteries?

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart to organs
  • Stretch as blood flows through them which creates a pulse
  • Blood is under high pressure so will spurt out every time the heart beats if the artery is cut
  • Thick walls and a thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres surrounding the small lumen
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2
Q

What are the main features of capillaries?

A
  • Network of vessels linking arteries and veins
  • Narrow with thin walls to allow substances like oxygen to diffuse easily out of the blood cells and CO2 into blood cells
  • Narrow lumen and only a single cell thick
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3
Q

How is a heart attack caused?

A

When the supply of oxygen to your heart is interrupted

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4
Q

How can coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle narrow?

A

With age or if fatty deposits build up

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5
Q

How does a stent work?

A
  • A stent is a metal mesh put in place in the artery
  • A balloon is inflated to open the blood vessel and the stent keeps it open
  • Blood can flow freely
  • This can be done without general anaesthetic
  • Can be used almost anywhere in the body
  • Release drugs to stop blood from clotting
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6
Q

How can a bypass surgery help damaged coronary arteries?

A
  • Blocked arteries replaced with veins from another part of the body
  • Used where stents can’t help
  • Expensive and requires general anaesthetic
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7
Q

What happens is a valve does not work properly?

A
  • Valves can weaken from the large amount of pressure they experience
  • The person can become breathless and will die
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8
Q

How do mechanical valves work?

A

Mechanical valves are made of titanium and polymers and last for a long time but you have to take medicine for the rest of your life to prevent blood clots

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9
Q

How do biological valves work?

A

These are based on valves taken from animals and the patient does not need to take any medicine. However, they only last for around 15 years.

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10
Q

Why is a transport system vital in your body?

A

To supply the needs of your body cells and remove waste material they produce

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11
Q

What does your blood circulation system consist of?

A

The pipes (blood vessels), the pump (heart), and the liquid (blood)

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12
Q

You have two transport systems, called double circulation. What does each of these do?

A
  • One carries blood from your heart to your lungs and back to allow CO2 to be exchanged with air
  • The other carries blood around the rest of the body then back again to the heart
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13
Q

Why is double circulation vital to us?

A

To maintain our warm-blooded nature and make the system efficient

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14
Q

What is the heart made up of?

A

2 pumps, heart walls that are entirely made of muscle and which are supplied with oxygen by the coronary arteries. The two sides fill and empty at the same time to give a strong heart beat

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15
Q

Blood coming into the right atrium from the vena cava is deoxygenated

A

Blood from the pulmonary vein is oxygenated

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16
Q

The atria contract together and force the blood down the ventricles

A

Valves close to stop the blood flowing backwards out of the heart as the blood is pumped. The ventricles contract and force blood downwards. The deoxygenated blood is forced into the pulmonary artery and the oxygenated blood is sent around the body into the aorta artery

17
Q

a blood is a tissue that consists of a fluid called plasma. What does this contain?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets as well as dissolved substances suspended in it

18
Q

What colour is blood plasma?

A

Yellow. Your blood is red because of the red blood cells

19
Q

What is the job of your red blood cells?

A

To pick up oxygen from the lungs and carry it to tissues and cells where it is needed

20
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to make transport efficient?

A
  • Biconcave disc shape to increase SA over which diffusion can take place
  • Lots of haemoglobin (a red pigment that carries oxygen)
  • No nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin
21
Q

What happens to haemoglobin in a high concentration of oxygen?

A

e.g. in alveoli, oxygen and haemoglobin react to make bright red oxyhemoglobin

22
Q

What happens to oxyhemoglobin where concentration of oxygen is lower?

A

It splits up to form purple-red haemoglobin and oxygen which diffuses into cells where it is needed

23
Q

What are the features of white blood cells?

A
  • Bigger than red blood cells but fewer of them

* Have a nucleus and fight disease

24
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells with no nucleus

25
Q

What happens when you cut open your leg?

A

The platelets help to create a network of protein threads which capture the red blood cells and more platelets to form a jelly-like clot which dries and hardens to protect new skin as it grows and stop bacteria getting into the body through the wound

26
Q

What are the problems with blood transfusions?

A
  • Blood can only be stored for a limited time and there is a shortage of blood donors for each blood type
  • Some people will not accept them for religious reasons
27
Q

What can plasma do?

A
  • Replace blood in an emergency

* Carries little dissolved oxygen

28
Q

What can saline do?

A

Does not carry oxygen or food but replaced your lost blood volume to keep your blood pressure normal and buy time for your body to make more blood or for you to get a blood transfusion

29
Q

What are PFCs?

A
  • Non-reactive chemicals that carry dissolved gases around the body
  • Oxygen dissolves readily in PFCs
  • After an accident capillaries can be squashes so red blood cells can’t get through, but they do not contain any cells so can carry oxygen to swollen tissues
  • Can be kept for a long time
  • Do not carry disease
  • Do not dissolve in water so getting them into the blood is difficult
  • Do not carry much oxygen so needed in large amounts
  • Broken down quickly and can cause adverse side effects
30
Q

What can haemoglobin-based products do?

A
  • A solution is made that does not carry any red blood cells and haemoglobin is taken from human blood
  • Haemoglobin can also be made synthetically by genetically-engineered bacteria
  • Carries more oxygen than normal blood so does not always need to be kept in a fridge
  • Broken down quickly in 20-30 hours
  • Does not clot
  • Does not carry disease
  • Can cause adverse side effects
31
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A
  • Many people die whilst waiting for a heart transplant
  • They need lots of machinery and most patients have to stay in hospital whilst waiting for a transplant
  • There is a risk of clotting
32
Q

What does the phloem transport around a plant?

A

Sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves around the plant, especially to growing point where sugars are used to build new plant cells

33
Q

Other than growing points, where is food in a plant also transported?

A

To the storage organs as an energy supply for the winter

34
Q

Is phloem a living tissue?

A

Yes

35
Q

What does the xylem transport around the plant?

A

Water from the soil around the plant

36
Q

Are xylem cells living or dead?

A

Mature xylem cells are dead. The xylem makes up the bulk of wood in a tree and the phloem is found in a rink just beneath the bark

37
Q

Why are young trees vulnerable to damage by animals?

A

If the ring of bark is eaten, transport in the phloem will stop and the tree will die

38
Q

What are sugars in a plant needed for?

A

Respiration and to make new plant cells for growth

39
Q

What are mineral ions needed for?

A

Production of proteins and other molecules within cells

40
Q

What is water needed for?

A

Photosynthesis, to hold the plant upright (cytoplasm pressed against cell walls)

Biology Unit 3 (3 decks)

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