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Biology Unit 3 > Controlling Internal Conditions > Flashcards

Controlling Internal Conditions Flashcards

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0
Q

Why do CO2 and urea cause major problems in your body if allows to build up?

A

They are poisonous

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1
Q

The more extreme the conditions…

A

The more waste products a cell produces

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2
Q

How would too much dissolved CO2 affect the body?

A

Dissolved CO2 forms an acidic solution which would affect how enzymes work so it is carried back to the lungs in the bloodstream

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3
Q

Why is urea created?

A

When you eat more protein than you need or when tissues are worn out, the protein is broken down. The liver removes the amino acid group that can’t be used and converts it into urea. The rest of the molecules can be used in respiration or for use in other molecules. Urea passes from the liver cells to your blood.

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4
Q

How frequently is urine produced?

A

Constantly. It is stored temporarily in the bladder.

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5
Q

Why will your urine contain a higher concentration of mineral ions after eating processed foods?

A

They contain a lot of salt

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the renal artery and the renal vein?

A
  • Renal artery: brings blood containing urea and other substances in solution to the kidney
  • Renal vein: carries blood away from the kidney after these substances have been removed
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7
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A tube which allows urine to pass to the outside of your body

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8
Q

What controls the opening and closing of the bladder?

A

A ring of muscle

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9
Q

What is the ureter?

A

A tube through which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

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10
Q

How do the kidneys work?

A
  • The kidneys filter your blood and reabsorb everything your body needs
  • They have a rich blood supply
  • Sugar, amino acids, mineral ions, water and urea move out of your blood into kidney tubules by diffusion along a concentration gradient
  • Blood cells and large molecules like proteins are left behind because they are too big to pass through the membrane of the tubule
  • Sugar is reabsorbed back into the blood by active transport
  • The amount of water reabsorbed into the blood is controlled by a sensitive mechanism and is called selective reabsorption
  • Urea is lost in urine but some moves back into the blood by diffusion
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11
Q

What does urine contain?

A
  • Waste urea and excess mineral ions and water
  • These are colourless but urobilins are yellow pigments from the breakdown of haemoglobin in the liver that are excreted by your kidneys in the urine
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12
Q

How can your kidneys be damaged?

A

By infections, in an accident or by genetics

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13
Q

What happens when your kidneys do not function properly?

A

Toxins like urea build up and the water balance of your body is disturbed

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14
Q

What happens in kidney dialysis?

A
  • The person’s blood leaves their body and flows through a blood thinner to prevent clotting
  • It flows through two partially permeable membranes
  • On the other side of the membranes is the dialysis fluid which contains the sake concentration of useful substances as the blood
  • Dialysis restores concentrations in the blood to a normal level
  • The fluid contains the same concentration of glucose and mineral ions so their is no net movement of glucose and only excess ions are removed by diffusion
  • The fluid doesn’t contain urea so it diffuses out of the blood down a steep concentration gradient
  • Clean blood flows through a bubble trap to get rid of any bubbles before being pumped back into a vein
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15
Q

Why does dialysis have to be repeated at regular intervals?

A

Because urea and other poisonous substances begin to build to when it’s over. It takes around eight hours to complete and patients must control their diets in order to keep their body chemistry as stable as possible whilst they are not on the machine

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of kidney dialysis?

A
  • Machines are big and expensive

* Can be difficult to control concentrations in the blood over many years even with dialysis

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17
Q

How do doctors carry out a kidney transplant?

A

The donor kidney is joined with blood vessels in the groin of the patient

18
Q

Why does the body sometimes reject organs?

A

The antigens of the donor organ will be different to those of the recipient and there is a risk that antibodies will attack the and destroy the kidney. Therefore, antigens are matched as closely as possible e.g. same tissue type

19
Q

How can we reduce the risk of rejection?

A

The recipient takes immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their lives (to reduce the need for a tissue match)

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of kidney transplants

A
  • You can not fight infections so must be careful when you’re ill with the immunosuppressant drugs
  • Only works for around 9 years, after which you will have to wait for another whilst on a dialysis machine
21
Q

What are the advantages of transplants over kidney dialysis?

A
  • You can lead a normal lifestyle
  • Longterm dialysis is more expensive than a transplant
  • There is no need for a special diet or being attached to a machine
  • You need regular checkups and have to take medicine every day of your life
  • Dialysis is much more readily available
22
Q

Why does your core body temperature need to be kept at 37 degrees?

A

Or else your enzymes won’t work properly

23
Q

Name two ways you can affect your internal conditions.

A

External environment and fevers

24
Q

What is the thermoregulatory centre?

A

It contains receptors that are sensitive to temperature changes and monitor the temperature of blood flowing through the brain itself

25
Q

Where does more information about body temperature come from?

A

The temperature receptors in the skin which send impulses to the thermoregulatory centre about skin temperature

26
Q

What risk is brought on by a low body temperature?

A

Your enzyme-controlled reactions will not occur and you will die

27
Q

If the core body temperature gets too hot…

A

Impulses are sent from the thermoregulatory centre around the body that:
• Make hairs on the surface of the skin lie flat
• Encourage the production of swear
• Make blood vessels supplying capillaries near the surface of the skin dilate so blood flow and energy loss increases

28
Q

If the core body temperature gets too cold…

A

Impulses are sent from the thermoregulatory centre around the body that:
• Make muscles contract and reflex rapidly to shiver
• Make no sweat
• Make blood vessels supplying capillaries near the surface of the skin constrict so blood flow and energy loss reduces
• Make hairs on the surface of the skin stand erect to create an insulating layer of air

29
Q

If your core body temperature drops below 35 degrees, you are at risk of hypothermia. What are the symptoms of hypothermia?

A
  • Extreme tiredness
  • Cold and blue skin
  • Drowsiness
  • Slurred speech
  • Enzyme controlled reactions stop working
30
Q

Heat stroke can bring confusion, hallucinations, and eventually death in a coma. Why are some people affected by heat stroke?

A
  • When it is hot and humid and they are exercising
  • Sweat can not evaporate to cool you down
  • If you don’t drink enough you can’t make sweat to lose energy
31
Q

Why do your cells need a constant supply of glucose?

A

To respire

32
Q

What would happen if your body did not produce insulin?

A

Large amounts of glucose would pass into your blood after a meal but these levels would be very low a few hours later and your cells wouldn’t be able to respire

33
Q

The pancreas controls blood glucose levels using two hormones, one of which is insulin.

A

Insulin is released when your blood glucose levels rise after a meal and allows glucose to move from the blood into cells where it is used

34
Q

What happens to soluble glucose when insulin is produced?

A

It is converted to an insoluble carbohydrate called glycogen. Insulin controls the storage of glycogen in the liver.

35
Q

What happens when your blood glucose levels are low?

A

The pancreas secretes glucagon which makes your liver break down glycogen and convert it into glucose which is released into the blood. This keeps your blood glucose levels within a stable range.

36
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

Your body does not make enough insulin

37
Q

What are the side effects of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Your blood sugar gets very high after a meal and eventually your kidneys excrete glucose in the urine
  • You produce lots of urine and are thirsty all the time
  • Glucose can not get into your cells so you lack energy and are tired
  • You break down fat and protein to use as a fuel so you lose weight
38
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated?

A
  • Insulin is injected into the body (because it is a protein and would otherwise be digested in the stomach)
  • You have to be careful about the amount of carbohydrate you eat and have regular meals and exercise
  • Must be injected every day of a person’s life
39
Q

Why isn’t insulin harvested from pigs anymore?

A

Production depended on how many were killed for meat and it was not identical to human insulin

40
Q

How is insulin made now?

A

By genetically modified bacteria who make insulin which is identical to human insulin

41
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be cured?

A
  • Doctors can transplant a pancreas but this is expensive and difficult and insulin is swapped for immunosuppressants
  • Scientists have produced insulin-secreting cells from embryonic stem cells
  • They hope to be able to engineer human pancreatic cells so they work properly to eliminate rejection issues
42
Q

What is type two diabetes caused by?

A

Pancreatic cells make less insulin and cells stop responding to insulin properly

43
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

A
  • Most patients just need to lose weight, eat a low-carbohydrate diet and exercise
  • There are also drugs to help body cells respond better to insulin, help the pancreas make more insulin and reduce the amount if glucose you absorb from your gut
  • If nothing else, you can usually be injected with insulin

Biology Unit 3 (3 decks)

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