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GCSE Biology > Transport - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Transport - Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the four main things found in the blood?

A

Red/white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • a straw coloured liquid
  • carries all of the different substances found in the blood
  • since it is liquid, some substances are carried by being dissolved directly into the blood plasma
  • for example, carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product in cells in body tissues and it is dissolved into the blood plasma so it can be transported to the lungs and removed from the body
  • glucose is also carried to the body tissues by being carried by the blood plasma
  • it carries digested food products from the small intestine to the body tissues (e.g glucose and amino acids)
  • it carries urea from the liver to the kidneys from where it is removed via urine
  • it carries hormones from the glands to all around the body to different target organs affected by different hormones, which act as chemical messengers
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4
Q

Why is it important for blood plasma to carry heat energy?

A
  • it carries heat energy away from rapidly respiring cells (such as exercising muscles) and prevents them overheating
  • it also provides heat energy to regions of the body where respiration takes place more slowly.
  • by increasing the diameter of blood vessels in the skin, heat energy can be transported more rapidly to the environment during exercise to prevent the whole body from overheating
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5
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to transport oxygen?

A

Biconcave disk shape:
-increases surface area to volume ratio, increasing the rate of diffusions in and out of the cell
Contain haemoglobin:
-these carry the oxygen in the cell
-in areas of high oxygen concentration (e.g in a capillary next to alvioli) haemoglobin binds with oxygen
-this reaction is reversible, because in areas of low concentration (e.g a capillary running through respiring tissue) the oxygen is released from the haemoglobin
No nucleus:
-maximises volume that can be filled with haemoglobin, but means they cannot divide to make new cells when they get older- they are cleaned out of the blood by the liver, and new ones are released into the blood from the bone marrow in long bones (e.g femur)
Small and flexible:
-makes it possible for them to get through the smallest blood vessels (capillaries) that are sometimes no wider than a single blood cell

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6
Q

What are the two types of blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

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7
Q

What system are white blood cells part of?

A

The immune system

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8
Q

What are phagocytes?

A
  • several types of white blood cell belong to this category, but they all kill pathogens by ingesting them
  • they engulf pathogens by pushing a sleeve of cytoplasms completely around them until they are completely enclosed, and then digest them with enzymes
  • different types of pathogens kill different types of pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi and protoctist parasites
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9
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • this type has a very big nucleus and is responsible for producing chemicals called antibodies
  • when a pathogen infects the body, lymphocytes produce antibodies that specifically match the antigers of the pathogen
  • the antibodies attach to the antiger and either attract phagocytes to engulf the pathogen or cause the pathogen to break open and die
  • they also produce memory cells to remember what kind of antibody is needed for a faster reaction to the infection
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10
Q

What are the bottom two chambers in the heart called?

A

Ventricles

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11
Q

What are the top two chambers in the heart called?

A

Atriums

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12
Q

Do veins carry blood to or from the heart?

A

To the heart

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13
Q

Do arteries carry blood to or from the heart?

A

Away from the heart

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14
Q

What factors change average resting heart rate?

A
  • age- children have a faster beat usually
  • fitness- an athlete has a slower heartbeat as their heart is stronger and can pump more blood with each pump
  • illness-infection can raise resting heart rate
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15
Q

How does the hormone adrenaline increase heart rate?

A
  • adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands just above the kidneys
  • it is released into the blood when the brain detects a situation of threat or excitement
  • it increases the heart rate to prepare the body for action- to either fight the threat or run away from it
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16
Q

What factors increase the risk of coronary heart disease?

A
  • smoking
  • lack of exercise
  • diet high in fatty foods
  • obesity
17
Q

What is coronary heart disease and what are the dangers of it?

A
  • CHD causes the coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle with blood become narrowed by a build-up of cholesterol
  • this means the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle in reduced, which can cause pain called angina
  • the build up of cholesterol can cause a clot to form
  • if this happens, oxygen cannot be delivered to the heart muscle, so it cannot respire or create energy to function, causing it to stop working and causing a heart attack
18
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins

19
Q

What are arteries?

A
  • large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
  • high pressure- the highest pressure in the aorta
  • thick, muscular, elastic walls with a narrow lumen (centre)
  • thick walls prevent the arteries from bursting
  • no valves as the high pressure means valves are not needed
20
Q

What are veins?

A
  • large blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
  • by the time the blood has left the capillaries and went into the veins, blood pressure is low
  • this means valves are needed to stop the blood flowing backwards after a heartbeat
  • large lumen (centre)/ spthin walls to allow blood to easily flow back to heart
21
Q

What is a capillary?

A
  • tiny blood vessels that are reliable for diffusions of substances to and from the blood from tissues
  • very thin walls to increase the rate of diffusion
  • low pressure
  • no valves
22
Q

What are the blood vessels supplying the heart called?

A

Coronary artery and vein

23
Q

What are the blood vessels supplying the lungs called?

A

Pulmonary artery and vein

24
Q

What are the blood vessels supplying the liver called?

A

Hepatic artery and vein

25
Q

What are the blood vessels supplying the kidneys called?

A

Renal artery and vein

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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