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ENCH 551 > Transport of Solids, Liquids, and Gases > Flashcards

Transport of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Transporting Solids - Conveyor Belt & Pneumatic Conveyor

A

raw and intermediate streams over relatively short distances, within plant boundaries or to storage yards, sheds, facilities

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2
Q

Transporting Solids - Trucks

A

raw, intermediate & finished products over short to medium distances outside the premises of processing plants or storage depots

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3
Q

Transporting Solids - Railways

A

intermediate & finished products over medium to large distances to storage depots

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4
Q

Transporting Solids - Ships & Barges

A

intermediate & finished products over medium to large overseas destinations

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5
Q

Transporting Liquids & Gases - Trucks

A

intermediate & finished streams over relatively short or medium distances

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6
Q

Transporting Liquids - Railways

A

intermediate & finished products over long distances (AB, SK to BC, TX)

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7
Q

Pipelines (liquids, slurries, gases)

A

intermediate & finished products over relatively long distances

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8
Q

Transporting Liquids & Gases - Ships

A

raw materials & finished products over medium to large distances/destinations (across oceans). For example, crude oil & CNG/LNG

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9
Q

Flowlines

A

connect and move raw products (oil & gas) from wellheads to the inlet of gathering pipelines

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10
Q

Gathering pipelines

A

move raw products from Flowlines to processing plants or storage tanks

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11
Q

Feeder pipelines

A

move raw products, crude oil, natural gas and NGLs from processing plants and storage tanks to transmission pipelines

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12
Q

Transmission pipelines

A

transport crude oil, natural gas, NGLs and refined products across provinces/states and countries

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13
Q

Distribution pipelines

A

made up of ‘main’ and ‘service’ lines, deliver natural gas to homes and businesses

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14
Q

Pipes

A

-Used to transport liquids, gases, slurries, powders,
small particles (as in pneumatic conveying)
-Can be ‘seamed’ or ‘seamless

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15
Q

How are pipes specified

A

a nominal pipe size (NPS) and a Schedule Number that defines their wall thickness
-NPS does not match the actual pipe ID or OD.
-Schedule Numbers are 5, 10, 40, 80, 120 & 160 (A higher Schedule Number implies a thicker pipe wall)

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16
Q

What are pipes made out of

A

carbon steel, stainless steels, concrete, ceramics, plastics, etc

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17
Q

Tubes (usually small diameter)

A

Tubes are specified by their actual outside diameter, whereas the Gauge Number defines their wall thickness
-Tubes are generally ‘seamless’.
-Gauge Numbers can vary from 7 to 22.
* A higher Gauge Number implies a thinner pipe wall.

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18
Q

What are tubes made out of

A

stainless steels, copper, aluminum, alloys, polymers, plastics, rubber, glass

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19
Q

Barlow’s formula

A

-internal pressure at minimum yield
-ultimate burst pressure
-maximum allowable pressure

Py (internal pressure at min yield) = 2Sy (yield strength) t (wall thickenss) /do (outside diameter)

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20
Q

Gate valve

A

mainly for on/off control, with low pressure drop

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21
Q

Globe valve

A

good for regulating flow, uses a cylinder movement over a seat

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22
Q

Ball valve

A

for on/off control with low pressure drop, for quick shut‐off (a 90° turn for shut‐off)

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23
Q

Needle valve

A

used for accurate flow control

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24
Q

Butterfly valve

A

for on/off flow control in large diameter pipes.

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25
Q

Diaphragm valve

A

controls flow by movement of a diaphragm. Used in pharmaceutical applications

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26
Q

Plug valve

A

a slim valve for on/off control

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27
Q

Solenoid valve

A

an electrically actuated valve for hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical fluid control

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28
Q

3‐Way valve

A

for redirecting the flow

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29
Q

Parts of a Globe Valve (pg 16 slides)

A
  1. body; 2. ports;
  2. seat; 4. stem;
  3. disc (when open);
  4. handle (when open);
  5. bonnet; 8. packing;
  6. gland nut;
  7. fluid flow (when open);
  8. Disc position (when shut);
  9. Handle position (when
    shut)
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30
Q

Fittings are used to connect

A

-straight sections of pipes or tubes,
-change to different pipe sizes, and
-for manipulating the flow direction.

31
Q

Most common types of fittings

A

elbows, tees, wyes (or ‘Y’s), crosses, couplings, unions, reducers, caps, plugs

32
Q

Connection or joining methods

A

threading, welding, solvent welding, soldering, brazing, compression, flare, flange, mechanical sleeve, crimped or pressed

33
Q

Elbows

A

Also known as “ells,” these are used to change the direction of flow by 45o or 90.

34
Q

Tees, Ys, Crosses

A

Used to combine or split pipe or tube sections; tees and Ys have one input and two outputs (or vice versa); crosses have one input and
three outputs (or vice versa)

35
Q

Couplings, Unions, Reducers

A

Used to connect two straight pieces of pipe or tubing

36
Q

Compression fittings

A

Used to pressure‐tighten connections, better at preventing leakage

37
Q

Caps, Plugs

A

Used for creating a dead end (which might be opened or used later on).

38
Q

Pumps

A

“moving” fluids (liquids, gases, slurries, pastes, etc) by “converting” energy (electrical, mechanical, chemical, etc) into “work”
that translates into an increased pressure head
-In (simple) pumps, the pressure of outlet stream is
higher than the atmospheric pressure.

39
Q

Vacuum pumps

A

pressure of inlet stream is lower than the atmospheric pressure

40
Q

Priming a Pump

A

A liquid pump cannot draw air; hence, the feed line and the pump itself must be filled with the liquid before initiating the pumping.
This is especially important for centrifugal pumps

41
Q

Net Positive Suction Head or NPSH

A

for pumps is the difference between the pressure at pump suction
and the liquid vapor pressure.

42
Q

Importance of NPSH

A

The NPSH must be POSITIVE for proper pump performance and to eliminate the risk of cavitation (the generation of vapour bubbles
in a liquid), which can also damage the pump)

43
Q

Pumps – Power Requirement

A

P (input power) = pgHQ/n
n= pump efficiency (less than 1)
H = energy head to fluid (m)

44
Q

Positive displacement pump

A

a constant amount of inlet stream is trapped and forced (displaced) as the outlet stream

45
Q

Centrifugal pump

A

converts rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic (pressure) energy; the flow direction changes by 90o as the fluid flows
radially outward over the impeller

46
Q

Axial‐flow pump

A

similar in principle to the centrifugal pump, but the flow direction is unchanged.

47
Q

Which pumps provide constant flow?

A

-Positive displacement pumps produce the same flow rate, at a given speed, regardless of the discharge pressure
-positive displacement pumps provide constant flow (except for a slight internal leakage).

48
Q

Safety in positive displacement pumps

A

a relief or safety valve on the discharge side is provided (which may allow the discharge back to the suction line or supply tank)
-They must not be operated with a closed discharge valve to avoid an excessive discharge pressure that can cause pipe bursts and/or severe pump damage

49
Q

Rotary type positive displacement

A

(Gear, Screw, Peristaltic, etc): Moves the fluid using
a rotating mechanism to create a vacuum that captures and
draws in the liquid.

50
Q

Reciprocating type positive displacement

A

(Piston, Diaphragm, etc): reciprocating motion pushes the fluid through (with the help of valves); usually more than one in parallel for uniform discharge rate, Duplex, Triplex,

51
Q

Linear type positive displacement

A

(Rope, Chain,etc): Like a vertical conveyor belt, with holding cups

52
Q

Centrifugal Pumps - Details

A

These convert rotational energy, to a moving fluid, from an electrical motor, to energy in the form of kinetic energy and hydrostatic (or pressure) head.
-The fluid gains both velocity and pressure while passing through the impeller

53
Q

Diffuser section - Centrifugal Pump

A

The diffuser section of the casing decelerates the flow and further increases the pressure.

54
Q

Where does the fluid enter and exit, centrifugal pump

A

The fluid enters axially into the casing, is pushed
tangentially and radially outward, and leaves
through the circumferential part of the impeller into
the casing.

55
Q

Axial‐Flow Pumps

A

-Axial‐flow pumps essentially consist of a marine
propeller (an axial impeller) placed in a pipe.
-The propeller can be driven directly by a sealed
motor in the pipe or from the outside via by a drive
shaft that goes through the pipe.
-These pumps are small in size compared to other
pumps.
-These are more suited for low discharge pressure
and high flow rates.

56
Q

Vacuum Pumps ‐ Ejectors

A

-Ejectors use steam pressure to draw water vapour
(and air) from a vessel, or a unit operation, under vacuum on a continuous basis, such as in evaporators, crystallizers, etc

57
Q

Vacuum Pumps - suction pressure less than 10 kPa

A

For suction pressures less than 10 kPa, more than one ejector is used, usually with condensers in between 2 or more ejector stages.
-Condensation of steam greatly improves the ejector
efficiency (by decreasing the flow rate); direct contact barometric condensers are used commonly

58
Q

Three stage vacuum system

A

can consist of a primary booster, a secondary high‐vacuum (HV) ejector, and a tertiary low vacuum (LV) ejector

59
Q

Blower and Fans

A

-pushing a large volume of gases at lower pressures
-They use the centrifugal power supplied from the rotation of impellers to increase the kinetic energy of gases

60
Q

Typical pressure ratio (discharge to suction) and pressure increase for fans and blowers

A

-Fans: 1.0 < Pressure ratio < 1.1
0 kPa < Pressure increase < 10 kPa
-Blowers: 1.1 < Pressure ratio < 1.2
10 kPa < Pressure increase < 20 kPa

61
Q

Compressors

A

increase the pressure of compressible fluids, specifically (only) gases.

62
Q

Industrial Applications of Compressors

A

Truck and Vehicle‐mounted compressors
* Medical and Hospital applications
* Laboratory and specialty gas compression
* Food, Beverage, Refrigeration applications
* Fertilizers, Polymers, Power plants, etc
* Oil & Gas applications, including Pipelines
* CCUS (carbon capture utilization & storage)

63
Q

Most common compressor, most common pump

A

Whereas pumps are predominately the centrifugal types, compressors are more commonly the positive displacement type.

64
Q

Three main parameters to consider- compressors

A

-Volumetric Capacity: Rate of gas delivered per unit time (typically as scfm @ 100 kPa and 20°C)
-Pressure capability: Largely based on the need. From single‐stage for lower pressures to multi‐stage for higher pressures.
-Power: Depends on the volumetric flow and pressure change considerations. Also consider efficiency, losses, belt‐ or direct‐driven motor, gas‐ or diesel‐engine, etc
-Other factors are: type of gas (flammable or corrosive?), controls, and capital & operating costs.

65
Q

Two main types of compressors

A
  • Positive Displacement:
    -Rotary (Screw, Lobe, Scroll, Vane, etc)
    -Reciprocating (Diaphragm, Piston – Single &
    Double Acting, etc)
  • Dynamic:
    -Centrifugal
    -Axial
66
Q

Rotary Positive Displacement Compressors - Screw

A

Uses male and female geared rotors.

67
Q

Rotary Positive Displacement Compressors - Lobe

A

high‐volume & low‐pressure. Closer to blowers.

68
Q

Rotary Positive Displacement Compressors - Scroll

A

Uses stationary and orbiting spirals. Intake at the outer edge of scrolls and discharge at the centre.

69
Q

Rotary Positive Displacement Compressors - Vane

A

Uses a series of vanes, mounted in a rotor, which sweep along the inside wall of an eccentric cavity.

70
Q

Reciprocating Positive Displacement Compressors - Diaphragm

A

uses a concentric motor that oscillates a flexible disc, alternatingly expanding and contracting the compression chamber.

71
Q

Reciprocating Positive Displacement Compressors - Piston

A

Relies on the reciprocating action of piston(s)
to compress gas within a cylinder(s).
Single Acting: The gas acts only on one side of
the piston.
Double Acting: The gas acts on both sides of
the piston.

72
Q

Dynamic Compressors - Centrifugal Compressors

A

use high‐speed impellers to impart velocity to produce an increase in pressure. Lower compression ratios than positive displacement types, but handle vast gas volumes.

73
Q

Dynamic Compressors - Axial Compressors

A

increase pressure by increasing the velocity of the gas then slow the gas down by passing it through curved, fixed blades, which increases its pressure

ENCH 551 (5 decks)

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