Transport in plants and animals Flashcards
What is exchange surface?
Something that is used to allow transfer of substances e.g. alveoli in lungs.
Why do large organisms need special exchange surfaces?
- Need a lot of oxygen for respiration
- Cannot supply enough through their skin surface as SA:VOL ratio is too low
What makes an exchange surface efficient?
- Large SA: more space for molecules to diffuse
- Permeable membrane: Allow molecules through
- Good supply of molecules to exchange surface/Removal of molecules from other side: Maintains diffusion gradient.
List the things that make up the gas exchange system.
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Alveoli
- External intercoastal muscles
- Diaphragm
Role of cartilage?
- Supports trachea and bronchi
- Prevents collapse of lungs
- Flexibility
- Allows oesophagus to expand during swallowing
Role of smooth muscle?
- Narrows lumen of airway
- Help prevent harmful things in the air from entering the alveoli
What is tidal volume?
Amount of air able to move in/out of lungs in a single breath at rest.
What is vital capacity?
Largest volume of air that can be removed from the lungs in one complete breath.
What is residual volume?
Amount of air that is left in the lungs after the maximum exhalation of the person.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
How much more air can be breathed in above the normal tidal volume when you take a big breath.
What is expiratory reserve volume?
How much more air can be breathed out above the normal tidal volume breath.
What is a double circulatory system?
When the blood passes through the heart twice in a single circulation.
List features of a good transport system.
- Medium
- Pump
- Exchange surface
- Tubes/Vessels
What is an open circulatory system?
Blood flows freely in the body, not requiring a transport system.
Muscles usually force the movement of the blood around the body.
What is a closed circulatory system?
Blood is held in the capillaries, moved around using a pump.
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood away from the heart?
Right side.
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body?
Left side (which is why it is more thicker than the right)
In what section of the heart are the atioventricular valves located?
Between the atria and ventricles.
What makes up the artery?
- Lumen
- Endothelium
- Smooth muscle
- Collagen fibres
- Elastic fibres
What makes up the vein?
- Lumen
- Endothelium
- Smooth muscle
- Collagen fibres
- Elastic fibres
What makes up the capillary?
- Lumen
- Endothelium
Role of elastic tissue?
Allows the wall to stretch and recoil when the heart pumps.
Role of tissue fluid?
- Transports oxygen & nutrients from the blood to the cells.
- Transports carbon dioxide and waste back to the blood.
When haemoglobin binds to oxygen it becomes ______________
Oxyhaemoglobin.
What is the appoplast pathway?
Water passes through the water filled spaces between cellulose molecules, does not pass through any plasma membranes.
What is the symplast pathway?
Passes through the plasmodesmata.
What is the vacuolar pathway?
Not confined to cytoplasm, able to pass through the cells and vacuoles.
How does water travel up the stem?
- Root pressure
- Transpiration stream
- Capillary action
How does water exit the leaf?
Through the stomata.
What is transpiration?
The loss of water from the upper section of the plant, particularly the leaves.
