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biology > transport in man > Flashcards

transport in man Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plasma constituents

A
  • is 55% of the blood volume
  • contains 90% water, 10% dissolved solutes
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2
Q

what are dissolved in the blood plasma

A

mineral ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate)
soluble food substances
metabolic waste products
plasma proteins
hormones

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3
Q

red blood cell (erythrocyte)

A

produced in bone marrow destroyed in liver and spleen
lifespan of 120 days, no nucleus for cell growth/repair

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4
Q

white blood cells (leucocytes)

A

cells are colourless, no haemoglobin, irregularly shaped, presence of nucleus
phagocyte: carries out phagocytosis, engulfs and digests bacteria
lymphocyte: produces antibodies

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5
Q

antibodies

A
  1. neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
  2. bind to the surface of bacteria, causing them to rupture
  3. bind to the surface of bacteria and tag them for phagocytosis by phagocytes
  4. cause bacteria to clump together so it can be easily injected by phagocytes
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6
Q

what has antigens

A

surfaces of RBCs

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7
Q

where are antibodies found

A

WBCs/plasma

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8
Q

agglutination

A

clumping of cells

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9
Q

when does agglutination occur

A

when antibody A recognises and binds to antigen A on the surface of RBCs

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10
Q

type O RBCS

A

have no antigens on its surface -> universal donor

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11
Q

type AB blood

A

no antibodies in the blood plasma of type AB blood -> universal recipient

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12
Q

Blood type A

A

Antigen A on RBC, antibody B in plasma

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13
Q

Blood type B

A

Antigen B on RBC, antibody A in plasma

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14
Q

Blood type AB

A

A and B antigens on RBC, no antibodies in plasma

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15
Q

Blood type O

A

No antigens on RBC, antibodies A and B in plasma

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16
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A

not true cells, just fragments

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17
Q

temporary clot

A
  1. temporary clot forms where platelets gather and release substances that attract platelets
  2. platelets become sticky and forms a platelet plug
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18
Q

blood clot benefits

A
  1. defends the body by preventing excessive blood loss from wound
  2. preventing entry of bacteria into body
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19
Q

clotting step 1

A

damaged platelets and tissues release thrombokinase (inactive enzymes)

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20
Q

clotting step 2

A

in the presence of calcium ions, thrombokinase converts inactive prothrombin (from blood plasma) into active thrombin

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21
Q

clotting step 3

A

thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads

22
Q

clotting step 4

A

fibrin threads form mesh that trap blood cells

23
Q

blood vessel structures

A

innermost layer: endothelium
middle: smooth muscle tissue, elastic fibres (for arteries and arterioles -> smooth muscle in them bring about vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
outer: connective tissue

24
Q

artery

A
  1. thick muscular walls
    - allows diameter of blood vessel to be adjusted by contracting/relaxing)
    - controls blood pressure inside vessel, regulates blood flow
  2. numerous elastic fibres
    - elasticity for blood vessels to dilate, stretch and recoil to enable it to withstand increases in blood pressure in vessel, prevents it from bursting
    - stretch and recoil to help maintain high pressure of blood flowing through artery
25
Q

veins

A
  1. thinner, less muscular and elastic walls
    - lower bp in veins
    - less muscular tissue needed to support it
  2. semilunar valves present
    - prevents backflow of blood
    - allows blood to flow in one direction only
    - lower bp in vein, backflow of blood is more common
  3. veins located between large muscles of body
    - low bp in veins, contraction of body muscles help to push against wall of vein, pushes blood forward to heart, against effects of gravity
26
Q

capillary function

A
  1. transport blood from arteriole to venule
  2. enable exchange of substances between blood and body cells via diffusion
27
Q

capillary adaptations

A
  1. capillary walls are one cell thick
    - short distance for diffusion -> allows for quick diffusion
  2. small gaps between endothelial cells
    - gaps allow white blood cells to squeeze through
    - gaps are too small for large molecules
    - causes some components of blood to leak out from plasma, forms tissue fluid
  3. large network of capillaries
    - large total surface area for diffusion of substances
    - blood pressure in capillaries is low, speed of flow is low
    - allows more time for diffusion of substances to take place
28
Q

tissue fluid/interstitial fluid

A

fluid that bathes the cells of most tissues
- provides a medium for diffusion to allow for exchange of materials between capillaries and body cells

29
Q

what causes tissue fluid to form

A

hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure against capillary) pushes plasma out of blood

30
Q

blood pressure

A

force exerted by the blood against walls of blood vessel

31
Q

heart

A

muscular organ that pumps blood to lungs and around the body
consists mainly of cardiac muscle tissue

32
Q

atrium

A

collection chamber where blood enters the heart
walls of atria are less muscular compared to walls of ventricles

33
Q

arteries vs veins

A
  1. walls of arteries are thicker and more muscular, elastic compared to veins
  2. arteries have a smaller lumen size relative to diameter compared to veins
34
Q

ventricle

A
  1. wall of left ventricle is more muscular than wall of right ventricle
    - muscular wall of left ventricle forces blood to all parts of the body (longer distance from the heart, higher pressure needed)
    - wall of right ventricle forces blood to the lungs from the heart (shorter distance from the heart, lower blood pressure needed)
35
Q

vena cava

A

brings deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body back to heart into the right atrium

36
Q

aorta

A

brings oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs

37
Q

pulmonary vein

A

brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the heart

38
Q

pulmonary artery

A

brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs for reoxygenation

39
Q

bicuspid valve

A

on left side of the heart
prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium

40
Q

tricuspid valve

A

on right side of the heart
prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to right atrium

41
Q

semilunar valves

A

present in aorta and pulmonary artery
prevents backflow of blood from artery back into ventricles

42
Q

median septum

A

separates left and right side of the heart
prevents deoxygenated blood from mixing with oxygenated blood

43
Q

chord tendineae

A

prevents bicuspid and tricuspid valves from eversion or prolapse

44
Q

coronary heart disease

A

when blood supply with glucose and oxygen to the heart muscles is reduced/cut off due to occlusion of coronary arteries

45
Q

coronary artery

A

supplies blood with glucose and oxygen to the heart muscles
formed by branching away from aorta

46
Q

when can coronary heart disease occur

A
  1. fatty deposits in the walls of coronary arteries can clog the lumen
  2. blood supply to heart muscle may be cut off by a blood clot (thrombosis), blocking lumen
47
Q

consequences of coronary heart disease

A
  1. lesser blood with oxygen and glucose reaches the heart muscles
  2. Reduced respiration in the heart muscles, less energy available for heart muscles to contract
  3. heart muscle cells may die, heart unable to pump blood around body -> heart attack
48
Q

risk factors

A

diet high in saturated fats and transfat
high stress lifestyle
lack of exercise
smoking cigarettes (CO increases chances of blood clots)
genetic factors

49
Q

balloon angioplasty

A
  1. catheter with angioplasty balloon inserted into artery with fatty deposit
  2. balloon is inflated, plaque is compressed, artery is widened
50
Q

stent angioplasty

A
  1. stent (collapsed mesh tube) is threaded along balloon, inserted into blocked artery
  2. left behind in artery after balloon is deflated and removed
51
Q

coronary bypass

A
  1. blood vessel taken from calf/arm and grafted onto aorta
  2. other end of blood vessel is attached to coronary artery after point of blockage

biology (6 decks)

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