transport in man Flashcards

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1
Q

why is there a need for a transport system?

A

diffusion is inadequate for transport.
- high surface to seas volume ratio
- high distance away

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2
Q

what is the need for double circulation

A
  • allows blood entering the lung to be transported at a lower pressure, so that there is more time to by reoxygenated
  • allows bloos in the systemic circulation to be pumped at a high pressure so that it can quicky reach all tissues
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3
Q

proper terms for RBC, WBC, platelets and plasma

A

erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes, plasma

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4
Q

structure and function of erythrocyte

A
  1. has haemoglobin: bind reversibly to form oxyhaemoglobin, transport oxygen around the body
  2. has no nucleus: increase space for more haemoglobin to be packed, increase the rate of oxygen transported
  3. bioncave shape: increase SA to V ratio for quicker diffusion of oxygen
  4. elastic and flexible membrane: can change shape to sqeeze in small and narrow capillaries
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5
Q

rank the size of the sunstabces in blood from smallest to largest

A

platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

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6
Q

what is the effect of having sickle cell anaemia

A
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7
Q

what happens during a drop in fitness level?

A
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8
Q

what are the 2 types of white blood cells

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

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9
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes

A

product antibodies that:
- neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
- recognise and bind to bacteria, causing them to rupture
- recognise and bind to bacteria, for tagging for phagocytosis by phagocytes
-cause bacteria to clump together, so that they can be easily ingested by phagocytes

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10
Q

why the need for phagocytes?

A

they can carry out phagocytosis on bacteria
they engulf and ingest bacteria
after that they die and form pus

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11
Q

what happens when there is tissue rejection?

A

the immune system recognises the transplant organ as foreign tissue
starts producing antibodies to destroy the transplanted organ (phagocytosis)

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12
Q

how to prevent tissue rejection

A
  1. immunosupression
    - be more susceptible to other infections. immune system is comprimised
  2. organs transplant from a genetically close donor
    - same person/identical twin CANNOT have tissue rejection
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

which blood groups are universal donors? which blood groups are universal recipient? why?

A
  1. blood group O: they do not have any A or B antigens on the surface of the RBC, cannot recognise and bind to antibodies, hence no agglutination
  2. blood group AB: they do not have A or B antibodies in the blood plasma, cannot recognise and bind to antigens so there will be no agglutination
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15
Q

importance of blood clots?

A
  1. (entry of stuff IN): prevent the entry of bacteria into the wound
  2. (exit of stuff OUT): prevent the excessive loss of blood from the wound
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16
Q

when an injury occurs, only a blood clot forms, true/false?

A

false. both a blood clot and a platelet plug forms (describe platelet plug!!!)

17
Q

process of forming a blood clot

A
  • damages tissue and platelets secrete thrombokinase.
  • thrombokinase and calcium ions convert protothrombin (inactive enzyme) ==> thrombin (active enzyme)
  • thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads
  • the fibrin threads form a mesh that traps other blood cells.
18
Q

what does the smooth muscle allow for?

A

vasocontriction and vasodialation
(decreasing and increasing the size of the lumen)

19
Q

charcateristics of the arteries and reasons

A
  • thick muscular walls: adjusting the lumen size by vasoconstriction/vasodialation ==> control the Bp and blood flow
  • elastic fibers: stretch, recoil and dialate==> withstand the high pressure in the vessel so it does not burst
20
Q

where are the location of veins most likely at?

A

in between large muscles in the body
- bp in the veins is low
- contraction of muscles push against the wall of veins ==> push the blood flow to heart ==> against gravity

21
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A
  • one cell thick endothelium (NOT EPITHELIUM)
  • small gaps between the endothelial cells
  • large network of capillaries (large SA, lower blood pressure, slower blood flow, more time for diffusion)
22
Q

rank the blood pressure of capillaries, vein, and venule from higest Bp to lowerst Bp

A

capillaries, venule, vein

23
Q

which arteries are the exceptions of the rule that arteries do not have valves?

A

pulmonary artery (low o2) and aorta (high o2)

24
Q

function of the chordae tendinae

A

holds the bicuspid (LEFT) and tricuspid (RIGHT) valve in position, prevents eversion

25
Q

why is the muscles in the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the walla in the right ventricle

A
  • left ventricle forces blood to all parts of the body expcept lungs
  • longer distance, higher Bp generated
26
Q

what happens in the coronary heart disease?

A

there is a buildup of plaque (cholestrol) ==> occusion of coronary arteries
reduced blood supply to the cardiac muscles
a thromosis (blood clot) in the coronary arteries ==> less blood supply for muscles ==> not enough energy for respiration ==> cells die ==> heart cannot pump blood ==> heart attack

27
Q

what are the causes of coronary heart disease

A
  1. high trans fat and saturated fat diet = diet with unsaturated fat
  2. sedentary lifetyle = regular exersise strengthens the heart muscle and improves the elasticity of the arterial walls (during exersise, there is a higher bp in the arteries, so the arteries become more elastic + muscular)
  3. high stress = reduce stress
  4. smoking cigraettes, increasing the inhalation of CO, higher chance of developing blood clots in arteries = quit
  5. genetic factors (high bp and cholestrol)
28
Q
A