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sec 3 pure bio > Transport in humans > Flashcards

Transport in humans Flashcards

1
Q

Transport of materials in unicellular organisms

A
  • unicellular organisms do not need a transport system for exchange or distribution of materials
  • no part of cell is far from environment outside
  • exchange of materials carried out easily thru diffusion
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2
Q

Transport in multicellular organisms

A
  • diffusion is inadequate of transport
  • larger body, reduced SA:V
  • cells located deeper in body, away from external environment
  • transport system required
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3
Q

What does blood contain?

A
  • blood is a fluid tissue

- made up of plasma(55%), wbc, platelets, rbc

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4
Q

Plasma

A
  • 90% water, the following are dissolved and transported
  • proteins eg. fibrinogen, prothrombin, antibodies
  • mineral salts e.g. chlorides, sulfates of calcium, sodium
  • food substances e.g. glucose, amino acids, fats
  • waste products such as urea, uric acid, creatinine
  • hormones e.g. insulin, glycogen
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5
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • 99% cells in blood
  • produced in bone marrow (ppl with leukemia need transplant)
  • destroyed in spleen
  • limited lifespan of 120 days (doesn’t have nucleus)
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6
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

-transport oxygen to cells in body

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7
Q

Features of erythrocytes

A
  • filled with red pigment called haemoglobin (essential for binding oxygen)
  • absence of nucleus (more haemoglobin can be packed into cell)
  • biconcave shape/enucleated, centre of cell thinner than edges (increase SA:V for efficient uptake of oxygen)
  • elastic (enables cells to squeeze thru tiny capillaries)
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8
Q

Leukocytes/ WBC

A
  • larger than erythrocytes
  • fewer
  • produced in bone marrow
  • destroyed in spleen
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9
Q

Features of leukocytes

A
  • limited lifespan of a few days although they have a nucleus (very highly involved in defense, nullify virus, pathogen, bacteria, toxin)
  • colourless (no haemoglobin)
  • irregular in shape (contain nucleus)
  • mobile (they are able to move, change shape, squeeze thru walls of tiniest blood capillaries
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10
Q

Types of leukocytes

A
  • lymphocytes (highly specific)

- phagocytes (not specific)

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11
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • large rounded nucleus
  • small amt of non- granular cytoplasm
  • produced specific antibodies against microorganisms
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12
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • lobed nucleus
  • granular cytoplasm
  • able to ingest foreign particles (like pacman)
  • not specific
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13
Q

Blood platelets/ Thrombocytes

A
  • not true cells
  • fragments of cytoplasm which are bound by membrane
  • important for clotting blood
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14
Q

Two things to check before operation

A
  • haemoglobin level

- platelet count (need to heal fast)

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15
Q

Antigens and antibodies

A
  • plasma contains natural antibodies which recognize and bind to specific anitgens on the rbc
  • rbc have proteins called antigens on their surfaces
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16
Q

Blood type A

A

RBC: antigen A
Plasma: antibody b
Accept: A and O

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17
Q

Blood type B

A

RBC: antigen B
Plasma: antibody a
Accept: B and O

18
Q

Blood type O

A

RBC: no antigens
Plasma: antibody a and b
Accept: O

19
Q

Blood type AB

A

RBC: antigens A and B
Plasma: no antibodies
Accept: all

20
Q

What happens if mix eg blood type A and B?

A
  • antibody a in plasma of blood type B binds to antigen A in blood type A
  • agglutination/clumping occurs
  • antibodies act by binding
21
Q

Blood transfusion

A
  • during blood transfusion, the effect of the recipient’s plasma on donor’s rbc is considered
  • blood type O is the universal donor (no antigens so antibodies from recipient’s blood does not react with the rbc)
  • blood type AB is the universal acceptor (no antibodies in plasma, no agglutination will occur)
22
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Transport (carry various substances from one part of body to another)
  • Protective function (to protect body against disease-causing organisms)
  • blood clotting or coagulation (prevent entry of bacteria into bloodstream or excessive blood loss)
23
Q

Transport function of blood

A
  • blood acts as a transport medium carrying various substances
  • digested food
  • excretory products
  • hormones
  • heat
  • oxygen
24
Q

Transport of oxygen to blood cells

A
  • blood passes thru lungs, oxygen diffuses from alveoli and into blood
  • haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • blood transports oxygen to all tissues in body
  • at tissue cells, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen
25
Q

Acclimatization

A
  • living in high altitudes, have increased no. of rbc
  • increases amt of haemoglobin in blood
  • more oxygen can be transported to body cells for aerobic respiration per unit time
26
Q

Protective function of blood

A
  • blood clotting
  • phagocytosis
  • production of antibodies
27
Q

Clotting process

A
  • blood clots when exposed to air
  • this seals wound prevents entry of bacteria and excessive blood loss
  • damaged platelets and tissues release the enzyme thrombokinase
  • converts prothrombin to thrombin
  • thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads that entangles rbc to form blood clot
28
Q

Phagocytosis (pacman)

A
  • process of engulfing and ingesting foreign particles e.g. bacteria by phagocytes (a type of wbc)
  • phagocytes engulf foreign particles e.g. bacteria
  • they are ingested and digested in the phagocyte
29
Q

Production of antibodies

A
  • antibodies produced by lymphocytes (specific)
  • bind to bacteria surface membrane, cos it to rupture and unable to control flow of substances, die
  • bacterial cells clump together in presence of lymphocytes
  • toxins produced by bacteria is neutralized by antibodies
30
Q

Organ transplant and tissue rejection

A
  • involves replacing damaged or diseased tissue or organ with healthy ones from same person or donor
  • recipient may produce antibodies to destroy the transplant
  • ways to reduce risk of tissue rejection include a tissue match and use of immunosuppressive drugs (forces system to accept and adapt)
31
Q

Transport system in humans

A
  • also known as cardiovascular system as it is made up of heart and blood vessels
  • also known as circulatory system as it circulates blood arnd body
32
Q

At capillary bed

A
  • arterial blood : oxygen and glucose

- venous blood: CO2, metabolic waste products (excretion is removal of CO2 or urea from body)

33
Q

Arteries

A
  • transport oxygenated blood from heart to other organs
  • have thick, muscular walls to support blood coming from heart which is higher in pressure (prevent slowdown of bloodflow)
  • highly elastic (expansion when heart pumps)
  • muscle contracts and relaxes to cause constriction and dilation of artery respectively
  • constricts, narrower, less blood flow thru it per unit time
  • dilate, lumen wider, more blood flow thru it per unit time
34
Q

veins

A
  • relatively thin walls, less elastic tissue
  • flow of blood is slower and bp lower compared to arteries
  • have valves to prevent backflow of blood and muscle contraction helps to get blood from extremities
  • valves are foldings of inner walls of veins
35
Q

Capillaries

A
  • endothelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, walls are partially permeable
  • capillary network (branch repeatedly) increase surface area and total cross sectional area for more efficient exchange of substances between blood and cells
36
Q

Tissue fluid

A
  • colourless fluid found in tiny spaces between cells
  • useful materials e.g. oxygen and glucose move from blood in capillaries into tissue fluid and into cells via diffusion
  • waste products released by cells move into tissue fluid by diffusion, thru capillary walls, into blood, carried to excretory organs for removal
37
Q

Double circulation

A
  • blood moves thru heart twice as it moves from pulmonary circulation to systemic circulation
  • blood enter pulmonary circulation at low pressure, sufficient time for blood to be fully oxygenated before returning to heart
  • blood is pumped into systemic circulation at high pressure, blood quickly distributed to all tissues in body
38
Q

Coronary heart disease

A
  • atherosclerosis is the buildup of fatty substances on inner surfaces of coronary arteries
  • lumen of arteries narrowed, high pressure when blood tries to flow thru, might rupture, blood vessels damage, blood clot
  • blood clot formed in artery (thromobosis)
  • reduced blood flow to heart
  • heart muscle cells receive reduced oxygen and nutrient supply
  • region of heart muscle is damaged or dies, may lead to heart attack
39
Q

Causes of coronary heart disease

A
  • high- fat diet rich in cholesterol and saturated animal fats
  • emotional stress
  • smoking
  • sedentary lifestyle (makes fat deposits stay on arterial walls)
40
Q

Preventive measures

A
  • healthy diet (reduce intake of animal fats, replace with polyunsaturated plant fats which do not stick to inner surface of arterial wall, lower cholesterol level. more veg and fruits)
  • manage stress appropriately
  • avoid smoking as nicotine and carbon monoxide increase risk of coronary heart disease
  • exercise regularly (strengthens heart, maintains elasticity of arterial walls)

sec 3 pure bio (16 decks)

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