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Biology > Transport in Humans > Flashcards

Transport in Humans Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the structure of arteries and their purpose

A
  1. The walls of arteries are very thick (muscle-outer layer- and elastic tissue-inner layer) and are able to push incoming blood by distending and rebounding along the length
  2. Arteries have relatively small lumens to keep blood pressure above a critical value
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2
Q

Why do arteries need thick walls?

A

To withstand the high blood pressure as well as to maintain the pressure

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3
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

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4
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A
  1. Relatively thin walls
  2. Larger lumen than arteries
  3. Have semi-lunar valves to prevent backflow of blood
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5
Q

What is the function of the vein

A

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart from the rest of the body

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6
Q

Describe the structure of capiliaries

A
  1. Walls are one cell thick
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7
Q

What is the innermost layer of arteries and veins called?

A

Endothelium

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8
Q

What is the function of capiliaries?

A

Connect arteries to veins. Site of exchange of substances

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9
Q

Compare blood plasma and tissue fluid

A

Tissue fluid is plasma without plasma proteins and RBCs. Plasma in the blood vessels, tissue fluid when outside of blood vessels in intercellular spaces

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10
Q

What is oedema?

A

When more tissue fluid forms than can be drained, and accumulates in tissue and causes it to swell. The increased water acts as a cushion

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11
Q

What is the function of tissue fluids?

2 functions

A
  1. Hydrates tissues and cells
  2. Medium for diffusion of nutrients and respiratory substrates, as well as waste materials in the reverse direction
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12
Q

What are the components of blood?

4 components

A
  1. Plasma (liquid part of the blood; made in the liver)
  2. Platelets (cell fragments; for maintainance of blood volume and thus pressure)
  3. Red blood cells
  4. White blood cells
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13
Q

What are the events following tissue damage?

A
  1. Platelets gather at the damaged site
  2. The platelets as well as damaged tissues release thrombokinase which catalyses the inactive prothrombin to active thrombin
  3. Thrombin catalyses the inactive fibrinogen to the active fibrin
  4. Fibrin takes on the form of insoluble fibrin threads
  5. These threads entrap mainly RBCs ath the site to form a hardened mass
  6. Platelets also assist in plugging up the site physically

This prevents excessive loss of blood and reduces entry of pathogens into the bloodstream

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14
Q

Describe the transport of oxygen around the body by red blood cells

A
  1. At the lungs, oxygen molecules bind reversibly to haemoglobin in the RBC to form the unstable oxyhaemoglobin and is transported around the body
  2. At oxygen-poor sites, oxygen is released and leaves the haemoglobin free to pick up more oxygen at the lungs again
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15
Q

Describe the transport of carbon dioxide around the body

A
  • Very little CO2 is transported in the dissolved form
  • Most are transported as hydrogen carbonate ions in blood plasma instead
    1. Carbon dioxide + water —-carbonic anhydrase—-> carbonic acid
    2. Carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen carbonate ions and hydrogen ions

The process is reversed when the blood reaches the lungs
Note: carbonic anhydrase is found in RBCs

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16
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Lympocytes
  2. Phagocytes
17
Q

What is the structure and function of lymphocytes?

1 structure, 2 function

A

Structure
1. Round shaped with large bean shaped nucleus

Function
1. Synthesise and secrete antibodies in response to foreign body invasion and act as memory cells for future infections (B-cells)
2. T cells directly attack the pathogens by creating holes in their cell membrane and adding enzymes

18
Q

What is the structure and function of phagocytes?

A

Structure
1. Larger cells with multi-lobed nucleus
2. Cytoplasm has a granular appearance
3. No defined shape
4. Can move by cytoplasmic streaming
5. Able to squeeze through gaps in the cells of the capiliary wall and crawl to sites of infection amongst tissues

Function
1. Engage in phagocytosis; engulf and digest pathogens using intercellular enzymes
2. Also ingest cell debris and worn out cell

5 structure, 2 functions

19
Q

What are the antibodies present in each blood type?

A

A: anti-b
B: anti-a
AB: none
O: anti-a and anti-b

20
Q

What are the antigens present on each blood type?

A

A: Antigen A
B: Antigen B
AB: Antigen A and B
O: None

21
Q

What happens when non-compatible blood types are transfused?

A

Blood agglutination occurs when the antibodies in the blood detect a foreign antigen, causing it to attach to the foreign cell and cause clumping of those cells

22
Q

What are the chambers of the heart and what type of blood do they pump?

A
  1. Left atrium, oxygenated
  2. Left ventricle, oxygenated
  3. Right atrium, deoxygenated
  4. Right ventricle, deoxygenated
23
Q

What are the various vesssels that carry blood in and out of the heart and from/to where?

A
  1. Vena cava (body to right atrium)
  2. Aorta (left ventricle to body)
  3. Pulmonary vein (lungs to left ventricle)
  4. Pulmonary artery (right ventricle to lungs)
24
Q

What are the various valves in the heart?

A
  1. Tricuspid valve (right ventricle)
  2. Bicuspid valve (left ventricle)
  3. Semi-lunar valves (before aorta and pulmonary artery)
25
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle and their durations?

A
  1. Atrial diastole and ventricular diastole: 0.5s
  2. Atrial systole and ventricular diastole: 0.1s
  3. Atrial diastole and ventricular systole: 0.3s

Total time: 0.8s (there is an overlap between ventricular diastole and atrial systole)

26
Q

When do the valves of the heart open/close

A

When the pressure in a chamber is higher/lower than the next chamber, the valve with open/close

27
Q

What is the feature of the heart that ensures the atrio-ventricular valves do not open the wrong way?

A

Chordae tendinae

28
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

It is generally cause by atherosclerosis, where plaque (a hardened mass of fatty and/or blood clot deposits) accumulate on the coronary artery walls, causing the lumen to be narrowed, resulting in restricted blood flow to the heart.

29
Q

What are some symptoms of coronary heart disease?

A
  • Initial stage: chest pain and shortness of breath
  • When not treated, blood flow to some sections can be cut off due to increasing mass of plaque, cutting off oxygen for cellular respiration
  • This can lead to a heart attack
30
Q

State some factors that increase the risk of aterosclerosis and coronary heart disease

5 factors

A
  1. Diet rich in polyunsaturated fats and cholesterol
  2. Sedentary/non-active lifestlye
  3. Obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure
  4. High levels of stress over an extended period of time
  5. Chain smoking
31
Q

What are some medical interventions for patients with coronary heart disease?

A
  1. Angioplasty
  2. Bypass surgery
32
Q

How does angioplasty help patients with coronary heart disease?

A
  1. A empty and collapsed balloon on a balloon catheter is passed into the narrowed locations
  2. It is then inflated using water pressure
  3. The balloon forces the expansion of the plaque deposits and allows for better blood flow
  4. The balloon is then deflated and withdrawn
  5. A stent may or may not be inserted at the time of the ballooning to ensure the vessel remains open
33
Q

How does bypass surgery help patients with coronary heart disease?

A

During the surgery, a new graft vessel (healthy artery or vein taken from another part of the patient) is surgically removed and sewn around the areas of the blockage. This supplies the oxygenated blood to the part of the heart that needs it

34
Q

What is double circulation in humans?

A
  1. Pulmonary circuit (heart to lungs)
  2. Systemic circuit (heart to rest of body)
35
Q

What is the difference between the superior and inferior vena cava

A

The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper parts of the body to the heart while the inferior vena cava brings blood to the heart from the lower parts of the bodybinkks

36
Q

What cause the ‘lub dub’ sound in the heart?

A

Lub: Closing of AV valves
Dub: Closing of semi-lunar valves

37
Q

What is the difference between atherosclerosis and thrombosis?

A

Atherosclerosis: Build up of cholesterol deposits in blood vessels that become calcified
Thrombosis: Blood clots in blood vessels

Biology (10 decks)

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