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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define

Protoplasm

A

The living contents of the cell

Nucleus and cytoplasm- surrounded by plasma membrane

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2
Q

Define

Nucleus of the cell

A

A membrane bound structure that contains the cell’s hereditary material and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction. Separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Pores in the nucleus that enables and control movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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4
Q

Describe

The function of the mitochondria

A

Breaks down glucose molecules to release energy in cellular respiration

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5
Q

Describe

The features of the mitochondria

4 features

A
  1. Rod shaped
  2. Double membraned
  3. Inner membrane is highly folded (Cristae)
    - High surface area to volume ratio–> More proteins to release energy as part of the electron transport chain (ETC)
  4. Contain its own DNA
    • Enables it to replicate when more are needed in a cell
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6
Q

Describe

The general functions of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. Transporting material within a cell
  2. Site of biochemical reations within a cell
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7
Q

Differences between the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulums

A

Rough ER: Dotted with ribosomes which manufacture polypeptides and inserts them in the ER to transport to the Golgi apparatus

Smooth ER: Not dotted with ribosomes. Involved in the synthesis of lipids and steriods, as well as the detoxification of drugs

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8
Q

Describe

The function of ribosomes

Attached and free

A

Attached ribosomes manufacture polypeptides to be sent to Golgi apparatus and sent out of the cell.

Free ribosomes (suspended in cytosol) manufacture polypeptides for internal use (cell repair etc.)

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9
Q

Describe

The function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies proteins for specific functions and prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell by packaging them into membrane bound sacs (secretory vesicles). These membrane bound sacs that contain the modified protein pinch off the margins of the Golgi apparatus.

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10
Q

Features of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Consists of a curved stack of flattened sacs that are not connected.

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11
Q

Describe the process of protein secretion out of a cell

A
  1. Vesicles containing substances made in the ER pinch off from the ER
  2. Transport vesicle fuses with the Golgi apparatus
  3. Substances released into the Golgi apparatus and are modified
  4. Secretory vesicles containing the modified proteins pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and move towards the cell surface membrane
  5. Secretory vesicle fuses with the cell surface membrane and releases contents to the exterior of the cell
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12
Q

Describe

The function of chloroplasts

A

Carry out the process of photosynthesis

Light energy converted to chemical energy

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13
Q

Features of chloroplasts

6 features

A
  1. Double membraned
  2. Found mainly in autotrophs (organisms that make their own food)
  3. Contain chlorophyll found in grana (stack of thylakoids–> disc like structures)
  4. Plentiful starch grains
  5. Contains its own DNA (can replicate when needed)
  6. Ovoid shaped
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14
Q

Types of membrane-bound sacs

A

Vacuoles: In plants (known as tonoplasts), large and centrally located cavities containing cell sap. In animals. smaller and temporary that are used for the storage of chemicals.

Vesicles: Vacuoles that pinch off the ERs and Golgi bodies. Usually involved in the transport of chemicals within the cell

Lysosomes: Specialised vacuoles that contain a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes that help in intracellular digestion and cell death

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15
Q

Describe

The functions of the cell wall

3 functions

A
  1. Protect the plant cell from outside particles, invading or otherwise
  2. Maintain the turgidity of the cell as it is rigid
  3. Hold the plant up against the force of gravity
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16
Q

Describe

The function of the cell surface membrane

A
  1. Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
  2. Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
17
Q

Describe

The features of the cell surface membrane

A
  1. Partially permeable
  2. Consists of the phospolipid bilayer and different embedded proteins
18
Q

Describe

The features of the phosholipid bilayer

A
  • Phospholipids are the main lipids that make up the layer
  • All phospholipids have a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end
  • They have a hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and two hydrophobic tails (fatty acids)
  • When they are exposed to water, they will arrange themselves in a two-layered sheet with all their tails pointing towards the centre of the sheet
19
Q

State and explain

The types and functions of proteins in the cell surface membrane

A

Peripheral proteins (on the outside) and integral proteins (penetrate partially or fully into the membrane)
Examples are:
1. Transmembrane proteins (eg of integral proteins): Required for movement of substances past the cell membrane
2. Proteins that function of enzymes
3. Proteins that function as receptor sites for the bonding of hormones that trigger reactions within a cell

20
Q

State the structure and function of glycolipids and glycoproteins

A
  • Carbohydrates are bonded to lipids and proteins in the surface membrane
  • They participate in cell-cell recognition and cell-cell adhesion
21
Q

State

The function of cholesterol in the cell surface membrane

A
  • Found in between phopholipid molecules
  • Maintain the fluidity of the membrane
22
Q

Give

4 examples of cell differentiation

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. Xylem vessels
  3. Root hair cells
  4. Muscle cells
23
Q

Define

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function

24
Q

State

The adaptation of root hair cells

A
  1. Elongated in shape: Higher SA:V ratio–> Higher absorption of water and mineral salts
  2. Numerous mitochondria: More energy–> more absorption by active transport
  3. Cell sap is very concentrated: Lower water potential of cell–> more absorption by osmosis
  4. Very large central vacuole: Higher storage of substances
25
Q

State

The adaptations of xylem vessels

A
  1. Long hollow tubes: No cross walls or protoplasm to obstruct water flow through the lumen
  2. Lignin deposits in the walls of the vessel: Strengthening and providing support to the vessel, preventing collapse. When bundled together, provide mechanical support to the plant
26
Q

State

The adaptations of red blood cells

A
  1. Contains haemoglobin (a protein): Carries oxygen to all parts of the body
  2. No nucleus: Can carry more haemoglobin and hence more oxygen around the body
  3. Biconcave shape: Higher SA:V ratio, higher rate of diffusion in and out of the cell
  4. Elastic: Can squeeze to fit through the capillary
27
Q

State

The adaptations of muscle cells

A
  1. Elongated and cylindrical
  2. Many nuclei and mitochondria: Provide the energy needed by the muscles
28
Q

Eukaryotic cell vs prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells: Plant and animal cells
Prokaryotic cells: Bacterial cells

Prokaryotic cells
1. Have cell walls: Made of peptidoglycan (same function as plant cell wall)
2. Have capsules outside their cell walls: Slimy secretions on some bacteria. Some unite bacteria into colonies, others help with adhesion and protection
3. Genetic material in bacterial cells consists of circular DNA molecules, not separate from cytoplasm by any membrane. It is folded in a poorly demarcated region, the nucleoid.
4. In addition to the nucleoid, there may be smaller rings of DNA known as plasmids. These only contain a few genes and code for properties such as resistance against anti-biotics.
5. Prokaryotic cells have no mitochondria or chloroplasts
6. Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are smaller than those in eukaryotic cells
7. Many are motile because they have one or more flagella, but not in the 9+2 arrangement of microtubles which eukaryotic cell flagella have
8. Some bacterial cells have pili: fine protein rods projecting from the walls of some cells–> concerned with the attachment to certain cells and surfaces

Biology (10 decks)

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