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Biology > Transport in humans > Flashcards

Transport in humans Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • blood platelets
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2
Q

What does plasma contain?

A
  • soluble proteins such as fibrinogen, prothrombin and antibodies
  • dissolved mineral salts
  • food substances (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and vitamins)
  • excretory products (urea, uric acid
  • hormones (e.g. insulin)
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3
Q

What are the functions of the different proteins present in plasma?

A
  • fibrinogen and prothrombin play an important role in the clotting of blood
  • antibodies help fight diseases
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4
Q

What do red blood cells contain?

A
  • haemoglobin (iron containing protein)
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5
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A
  • oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin
  • a small amount of carbon dioxide bound to haemoglobin
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6
Q

How does haemoglobin enable red blood cells to transport oxygen?

A
  • combines reversibly with oxygen
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7
Q

Where do red blood cells transport oxygen to?

A
  • from lungs to rest of the body
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8
Q

How do red blood cells transport oxygen?

A
  • as air enters the lungs, oxygen dissolves in the fluid covering the moist epithelium of the alveoli
  • oxygen diffuses into the capillaries of the lungs where they bind reversibly with haemoglobin in red blood cells forming oxyhaemoglobin
  • when blood is transported to oxygen-poor tissues, oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen which then diffuses into tissue cells
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9
Q

How is the red blood cells adapted to absorb/release oxygen at a faster rate?

A
  • circular, flattened biconcave disc
  • centre of cell thinner than edge
  • absent nucleus
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10
Q

What is the result of the adaptation of the red blood cell that enables it to absord/release oxygen at a faster rate?

A
  • increased surface area to volume ratio
  • absent nucleus causes it to be able to carry more haemoglobin (makes it able to carry more oxygen)
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11
Q

What are some features of the white blood cell?

A
  • colourless and does not contain haemoglobin
  • irregular in shape and does not contain a nucleus
  • it can move, change shape and squeeze trhrough trhe walls of the thinnest blood capillaries into the space among tissue cells
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12
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cells?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • phagocytes
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13
Q

What do lymphocytes produce?

A
  • antibodies
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14
Q

How do lymphocytes know when to produce antibodies?

A
  • the entry of pathogens into the body
  • stimulates the lymphocytes to produce antibodies
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15
Q

Why do lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A
  • to protect the body from diseases-causing microorganisms/pathogens
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16
Q

How does one gain immunity to a particular infection that has infected them in the past?

A
  • antibodies may be present in the blood
  • long after the infection has been cured
  • conferring immunity to that particular infection
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17
Q

What do phagocytes do to protect the body from bacterial infections?

A
  • they carry out phagocytosis
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18
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A
  • phagocytes engulf and digest foreign particles such as bacteria, killing it
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19
Q

What happens to white blood cells after phagocytosis?

A
  • cells die
  • form pus
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20
Q

What are the physical differences between phagocytes and lymphocytes?

A
  • phagocytes have lobed (bi,tri or multi-lobed) nuclei while lymphocytes have a large, rounded nucleus
  • phagocytes have granular cytoplasm while lymphocytes have a small amount of cytoplasm
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21
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide in the blood?

A
  • carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate ions
  • carbon dioxide enters the blood from body tissues by diffusion into red blood cells
  • since red blood cells contain carbonic anhydrase, bicarbonate ions get converted into hydrogen carbonate
  • the hydrogen carbonate then diffuses out of the red blood cells to be carried in plasma
  • the reverse occurs in the lungs
22
Q

What are some waste products of metabolism from tissues?

A
  • carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate ions
  • nitrogenous waste such as urea, uric acid and creatinine
23
Q

When does tissue rejection occur?

A
  • when transplanted tissue is not accepted by the body of the transplant recipient
24
Q

What happens during tissue rejection?

A
  • the tissues of the transplanted organ are treated as foreign bodies by the recipient’s immune system
  • thus, they are attacked by phagocytes
  • this causes transplanted tissue to fail (basically die but use fail instead)
25
Q

How can tissue rejection be prevented?

A
  • tissue can be transplanted from a genetically-similar donor
  • tissue can be transplanted from one part of the body to another as it will be recognised as the recipient’s own tissue (skin grafting)
  • immunosuppressive drugs can be taken to suppress the immune system of the recipient. However, there are problems associated with this
26
Q

What are the associated problems with immunosuppressive drugs to suppress the recipient’s immune system?

A
  • lowered resistance to infection
  • needing to continue taking that drug for life
27
Q

What proteins are used in blood clotting?

A
  • platelets
  • thrombokinase
  • thrombin
  • fibrin
28
Q

What is needed for thrombokinase to convert prothrombin into thrombin?

A
  • calcium
  • vitamin k
29
Q

How is fibrin formed?

A
  • thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble plasma protein) into fibrin (insoluble protein that forms long threads)
30
Q

What is the complete process of blood clotting?

A
  • clotting process begins at the site of the injury when blood vessels are damaged
  • platelets are activated
  • activated platelets and damaged tissue release thrombokinase
  • thrombokinase converts plasma protein, prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium and vitamin k
  • thrombin converts fibrinogen, a soluble plasma protein into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms long threads
  • fibrin forms a mesh across the damaged surface and traps red blood cells, forming a clot
31
Q

What does the clot do?

A
  • prevents further blood loss
  • restricts the entry of pathogens into blood
32
Q

What is the classification of the 4 blood groups based on?

A
  • the antigens present on the surfaces of the red blood cells
33
Q

What are the different antigens present on the red blood cells of each group?

A
  • blood group A: antigen A
  • blood group B: antigen B
  • blood group AB: antigens A and B
  • blood group O: no antigens present
34
Q

What are the different antibodies present in the difference blood groups?

A
  • blood group A: antibody b
  • blood group B: antibody a
  • blood group AB: no antibodies
  • blood group O: antibodies a and b
35
Q

What happens when an antigen is recognised as foreign by antibodies?

A
  • agglutination
  • red blood cells clump together and are marked for phagocytosis
36
Q

What would be the results of the different blood groups tranfusions into a recipient with the blood type A?

A
  • A: accepted
  • B: rejected
  • AB: rejected
  • O: accepted
37
Q

What would be the results of the different blood groups tranfusions into a recipient with the blood type B?

A
  • A: rejected
  • B: accepted
  • AB: rejected
  • O: accepted
38
Q

What would be the results of the different blood groups tranfusions into a recipient with the blood type AB?

A
  • A: accepted
  • B: accepted
  • AB: accepted
  • O: accepted
39
Q

What would be the results of the different blood groups tranfusions into a recipient with the blood type O?

A
  • A: rejected
  • B: rejected
  • AB: rejected
  • O: accepted
40
Q

What are the different blood vessels present?

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles (structurally similar but smaller in diameter)
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
41
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A
  • they carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery)
  • they carry blood away from the heart (A in artery for away)
42
Q

What is the physical structure of an artery?

A
  • thick, muscular, elastic walls
  • smallest lumen in relation to the size of the blood vessel
43
Q

Why does an artery have to be elastic?

A
  • permits stretching and recoiling strength
  • resists pressure largely from elastic fibres to push blood along
44
Q

Why does an artery have to be thick?

A
  • helps maintain high blood pressure in artery
45
Q

Why does an artery have to be muscular?

A
  • allows for constriction and dilation of artery
46
Q

What is an arteriole?

A
  • split up arteries
  • structurally similar but smaller in diameter
47
Q

What are the 3 layers of arterial wall?

A
  • outer layer is a protective layer
  • consists of connective tissue and elastic fibre
  • middle layer consists of smooth muscle and more elastic fibres
  • innermost layer next to lumen consists of endothelium (single layer of flattened cells)
48
Q

What happens during constriction of arteries (and arterioles)?

A
  • contraction of muscles in arterial wall
  • lumen narrower
  • less blood flow per unit time
  • causes paleness (idk ask mrs cheong)
49
Q

What happens during dilation of arteries (and arterioles)?

A
  • relaxation of muscles in arterial wall
  • lumen wider
  • more blood flow per unit time
  • causes flush (again idk)
50
Q

How do arterioles control blood flow into capillary beds?

A
  • contracting the smooth muscle layer in the arteriole wall
  • using sphincters, which are bands of smooth muscle located where arterioles branch into capillaries
  • contraction prevents blood flow into capillary beds

Biology (8 decks)

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