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Biology > Transport in Humans > Flashcards

Transport in Humans Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the function of red blood cells.

A

RBCs transport oxygen to cells in the body.

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2
Q

State the function of plasma.

A

The plasma transports RBCs, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins.

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3
Q

State the function of white blood cells.

A

Protective function (defense) as lymphocytes are involved in antibody production and phagocytes are able to ingest foreign particles like bacteria.

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4
Q

State the features of white blood cells.

A
  • Colourless (no haemoglobin)
  • Irregular in shape and contain a nucleus each
  • Mobile as they are able to move, change their shape and squeeze through the walls of thinnest blood capillaries
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5
Q

State the function of platelets.

A

Helps in blood clotting.

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6
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A
  • Transport medium
  • Protects body against disease
  • Blood clotting at wounds
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7
Q

Is blood a cell, tissue, organ or organ system?

A

Blood is a fluid tissue.

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8
Q

Why do different blood types have different reactions with reagents of different antibodies?

A

RBCs have proteins on their surface known as antigens. Antibodies bind to specific antigens and cause agglutination. Different blood types have different antigens and antibodies.

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9
Q

List all the possible combinations for the donor and recipient in blood transfusions.

A

Recipient of BG A - Donors of blood group A and O
Recipient of BG B - Donors of blood group B and O
Recipient of BG AB - Donors of blood group A, B, AB and O
Recipient of BG O - Donor of blood group O

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10
Q

Relate the structure of the veins to its functions.

A

FUNCTIONS:
-To carry blood towards the heart and transport deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein) back to the heart.
STRUCTURE:
-Thin walls with less elastic tissue as blood is flowing in veins at low pressure.
-Large lumen relative to diameter.
-Valves present to prevent backflow of blood.

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11
Q

Relate the structure of the capillaries to its functions.

A

FUNCTIONS:
-Allows exchange of materials between blood and tissue.
-Large capillary network increases SA:VR for faster exchange of substances between blood and cells.
STRUCTURE:
-Endothelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells (endothelial cells) to allow permeability to H2O and other dissolved substances.
-No valves

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12
Q

Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid.

A
  • Tissue fluid is a colourless fluid found in the tiny spaces between cells.
  • Useful materials and oxygen move from blood cells –> capillaries –> tissue fluids –> cells (diffusion)
  • Waste products released by cells –> tissue fluid (diffusion) –> capillary walls –> blood –> excretory organs for removal
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13
Q

State the advantages of double circulation.

A
  1. Blood enters the pulmonary circulation at a low pressure, ensuring sufficient time for blood to be fully oxygenated before returning to the heart.
  2. Blood is pumped into the systemic circulation at a high pressure, ensuring oxygenated blood is quickly distributed to all the tissues in the body.
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14
Q

State the advantages of double circulation.

A
  1. Blood enters the pulmonary circulation at a low pressure, ensuring sufficient time for blood to be fully oxygenated before returning to the heart.
  2. Blood is pumped into the systemic circulation at a high pressure, ensuring oxygenated blood is quickly distributed to all the tissues in the body.
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15
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart.

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the heart via the vena cava.
  2. Right atrium contracts and blood is forced into the right ventricle.
  3. Right ventricle contracts and blood leaves through the pulmonary artery.
  4. Blood leaves the heart and enters the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
  5. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is forced to left atrium via pulmonary veins.
  6. Left ventricle contracts and blood is forced towards aorta.
  7. Blood leaves the heart via the aorta and is pumped to the rest of the body.
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16
Q

Describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves.

A

STRUCTURE:

  • Roughly conical shape
  • Lies between lungs and behind chest-bone
  • Surrounded by pericardium (cushions heart)
  • Consists of 4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

FUNCTION:
-To pump blood around the body to deliver a continuous supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the brain and the other vital organs.

17
Q

Describe phagocytosis.

A
  • Phagocytosis is the process of ingesting and engulfing foreign particles e.g. bacteria by phagocytes.
  • Phagocytes engulf (swallow) foreign particles like bacteria.
  • The bacteria are ingested and digested in the phagocyte.
18
Q

Describe the use of the antibodies that are produced by lymphocytes.

A
  • Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes.
  • Antibodies bind to bacteria and cause their surface membrane to rupture.
  • Bacterial cells clump together in the presence of antibodies
  • Toxins produced by bacteria are neutralized by bacteria.
19
Q

Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole .

A

[Atrial Diastole + Ventricular Diastole]
1. Both atria and ventricles are relaxed.
2. The right and left atria are filled with blood from the vena cava and pulmonary veins respectively
[Atrial Systole]
3. Both atria contract, forcing blood into ventricles.
[Ventricular Systole]
4. The ventricles contract (ventricular systole) and the pressure in the ventricle rises.
5. This results in closure of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to prevent backflow of blood into the atria.
6. A ‘lub’ sound is produced by the closure of these valves.
7. When the pressure in the ventricles is higher than in the aorta, the semi-lunar valves in the pulmonary and aortic arches opens.
8. Blood enters the pulmonary and systemic circulation via the pulmonary artery and aorta respectively.
9. When ventricles relax (ventricular diastole), the pressure in the ventricles decreases.
]10. This results in the closure of the semi-lunar valves to prevent the backflow of blood blood into the ventricles.
11. A ‘dub’ sound is produced by the closure of these valves.

20
Q

Describe coronary heart disease.

A
  • Tissues of the heart are supplied oxygen by the coronary arteries.
  • Build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis) causes the lumen of the arteries to be narrowed and blood clots form in the arteries
  • This reduces blood flow to the heart, thus reducing oxygen supply to the heart muscle cells.
  • This may result in a heart attack.
21
Q

List the possible causes of coronary heart disease.

A
  • Smoking
  • Sedentary lifestyle (lack of exercise)
  • Emotional stress
  • High-fat diet rich in cholesterol and saturated animal fats
22
Q

List the possible preventive measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of heart disease.

A
  • Healthy diet with reduced intake of animal fats which can be replaced with polyunsaturated plant fats and rich in vegetables and fruits
  • Management of stress in an appropriate way
  • Avoid smoking
  • Exercise regularly
23
Q

State the functions of blood.

A
  • Acts as a transport medium carrying various substances from one part of the body to another.
  • Protects the body against disease-carrying organisms
  • Blood clotting or agglutination at wounds prevents excessive loss of blood. It seals the wound and prevents the entry of bacteria into the bloodstream.
24
Q

State the substances that are transported in the blood.

A
  • Digested food products (like glycerol, fatty acids, amino acids etc.) from small intestines to liver and then to all parts of the body.
  • Excretory products (product of chemical reaction), Nitrogenous wastes (urea), carbon dioxide (respiration) from all parts of the body to kidney and lungs.
  • Hormones from glands to target cells or organs.
  • Heat from respiring body tissue to all parts of the body.
  • Oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body.

Biology (17 decks)

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