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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which structures can be identified using an electron microscope?
Which structures can be identified using a light microscope?

A

EM (smaller structures): ribosomes, RER, SER, centrioles, Golgi bodies
LM (main structures): cells walls, (plant) vacuoles, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, nucleus, cell membrane

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2
Q

What does the protoplasm consist of?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

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3
Q

State the functions of the cell (surface) membrane and its characteristics.

A

-Partially permeable
-Made up of lipids and proteins
-Surrounds cytoplasm and forms the boundary of the cell, holds the contents of the cell in its place
-Regulates the substances entering and leaving the cell

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4
Q

State the functions of the cytoplasm and its characteristics.

A

-Most cell activities occur in the cytoplasm
-Contains specialized membrane-bound structures called organelles
-Composed of mainly water but also contains enzymes, dissolved salts, organelles, and various organic molecules

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5
Q

State the functions of the nucleus and its characteristics.

A

-Controls cell activities such as cell growth and the repair of worn out parts
-Essential for cell division (Cells without nuclei e.g. RBC are unable to divide)

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6
Q

State the functions of chromatin and its characteristics.

A

-Network of threadlike structures that control cell activities like cell growth, cell division and protein production
-Made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which carries hereditary information
-Coil and condense into chromosomes when the cell is dividing

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7
Q

State the functions of the nuclear envelope.

A

-It is a membrane surrounding the nucleus
-Separates contents of nucleus from the rest of the cytoplasm

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8
Q

State the functions of the cell wall and its characteristics.

A

-Made of cellulose
-Fully permeable
-Protects the cells from injuries
-Gives the cell a fixed and regular shape / Gives rigidity to the plant cell
-Plays a role in the structural support of the plant

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9
Q

State the functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and its characteristics.

A

-Appears rough due to ribosomes that are attached to its outer surface
-Is continuous with the nuclear envelope
-Transports proteins made by attached ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus for secretion out of the cell

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10
Q

State the functions of the ribosomes and its characteristics.

A

-Can be free or attached (to RER)
-Seen as small round structures in electron micrographs
-Synthesizes proteins for the cell
-Ribosomes on RER usually synthesise proteins that are transported out of the cells
-Free ribosomes make proteins that are used within the cell

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11
Q

State the functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) and its characteristics.

A

-Connected to RER
-Is more tubular (than RER) and does not have ribosomes
-Synthesizes substances such as fats and steroids (such as sex hormones, insulin etc.)
-Is involved in detoxification

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12
Q

State the functions of the Golgi apparatus and its characteristics.

A

-Identified with the Wi-Fi-signal shaped in electron micrographs
-Consists of flattened spaces surrounded by a membrane
-Stores and modifies substances made by the ribosomes
-Packages the substances in vesicles for secretion out of the cell

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13
Q

Describe the path in which proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus to outside of the cell.

A
  1. Vesicles containing substances made in the ER pinch off from the ER.
  2. Vesicles fuse with the Golgi apparatus.
  3. The substances in the vesicles are released into the Golgi apparatus and are modified.
  4. Secretory vesicles containing the modified substances pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and move towards the cell surface membrane.
  5. Secretory vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane and release contents into exterior of the cell.
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14
Q

State the functions of the mitochondria and its characteristics.

A

-Site of aerobic respiration
-Glucose is oxidised to release energy
OR
-Releases energy for cell functions during aerobic respiration

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15
Q

Which cells of the body / plant contain larger amounts of mitochondria? Why?

A

-Cells that are involved in active transport (like epithelial cells in the small intestine or root hair cells) and sperm cells.
-More energy is required in these cells for active transport.
-In sperm cells, more energy so that they are able to move and reach the egg.

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16
Q

State the functions of the chloroplast and its characteristics.

A

-Oval structures containing chlorophyll
-The chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs light energy to carry out photosynthesis

17
Q

State the functions of the vacuole and its characteristics. (in plants vs in animals)

A

-Stores substances (water, nutrients, mineral salts and waste substances) within a cell
-In plant cells, there is a large central vacuole containing cell sap which is made up of sugars, mineral salts and amino acids.
In animal cells, there are numerous small vacuoles containing water and food.

18
Q

State the functions of the tonoplast (membrane surrounding vacuole) and its characteristics.

A

-Encloses the large central vacuole in a plant cell
-i think we dont need to know this too

19
Q

State the differences between plant cells and animal cells.

A

PC:
-Cell wall present
-Chloroplast present
-Centrioles absent
-Large central vacuole
AC:
-Cell wall absent
-Chloroplast absent
-Centrioles present (involved in cell division)
-Numerous small vacuoles

20
Q

State the functions and adaptations of the red blood cell.

A

FUNCTION: To transport oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body
-Haemoglobin present in the cytoplasm of RBCs bind to oxygen
-Has no nucleus, enabling the cell to have space to carry MORE haemoglobin and thus MORE oxygen
-Has a circular biconcave shape, increasing the surface area to volume ratio. This increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen into and out of the cell.
-Flexible and elastic, to turn bell-shaped to allow the cell to SQUEEZE through the lumen of capillaries.

21
Q

State the functions and adaptations of the xylem vessels.

A

FUNCTIONS: To conduct water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots to the leaves. To provide mechanical support for the plant
-Long and hollow tubes extending from the roots to the leaves
-Narrow and do not have cross walls or protoplasm to obstruct water and mineral salt flow (reduce resistance) through the lumen
-Walls are thickened with lignin to prevent the vessel from collapsing

22
Q

State the functions and adaptations of the root hair cell.

A

FUNCTION: To absorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil into the roots.
-Long and narrow extension/protrusion, which increases the SA:VR and allows the root hair to absorb water and dissolved mineral salts at an increased rate
-More mitochondria compared to general plant cells, to enable a higher rate of aerobic respiration for the release of more energy to carry out active transport of mineral salts from the soil solution to the root hair cell

23
Q

Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

A

Cells: Specialised for a particular function
Tissues: A group of similar cells which work together to perform a specific function
Organ: Different tissues working together to carry out a specific function
Organ System: Several related organs working together to carry out a particular function

Biology (17 decks)

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