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Biology > Transport in cells and plant biology > Flashcards

Transport in cells and plant biology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

what is the definition of diffusion?

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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2
Q

where does diffusion take place? why?

A

solutions and gasses, particles are free to move

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3
Q

what can move in and out of cells through diffusion?

A

dissolved substances

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4
Q

what size molecules can diffuse through cell membranes?

A

very small (eg. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water…)

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5
Q

what happens if there are a lot more particles on one side of the membrane?

A

net (overall) movement from that side to make as even as possible.

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6
Q

what happens to the rate of diffusion if the concentration gradient increases?

A

speeds up

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7
Q

what factors can limit the rate of diffusion?

A

concentration gradient, temperature- particles have more energy so move around quicker, surface area - more particles can pass through at once

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8
Q

what is the definition of osmosis?

A

the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

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9
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane?

A

a membrane with very small holes in it

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9
Q

what molecules can fit through a PPM?

A

water molecules

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10
Q

what molecules can’t fit through a PPM?

A

sucrose molecules

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11
Q

what direction do molecules travel though the PPM during osmosis?

A

both

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11
Q

what happens to the solution inside the cell if the cell is short on water?

A

becomes very concentrated (low concentration of water molecules)

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12
Q

what doesn’t diffusion require?

A

energy- so its passive

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13
Q

what does active transport require?

A

energy

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14
Q

what is active transport?

A

the movement of particles against a concentration gradient (ie, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration) using energy transferred during respiration

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15
Q

what do cells that use active transport contain lots of?

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

what do the long hairs on a root hair cell do?

A

give the plant a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

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17
Q

why do root hair cells use active transport to take in minerals?

A

the concentration of minerals is usually higher inside the cell so diffusion wouldn’t work

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18
Q

what does active transport allow in plants?

A

plants to absorb minerals from a very dilute solution against a concentration

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19
Q

examples of active transport?

A

plant - root hair cell taking in minerals
human - taking glucose from the gut

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20
Q

what does active transport allow in humans?

A

allows nutrients to be taken into the blood (like glucose)

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21
Q

what are examples of a plant’s organs?

A

stem, roots, leaves

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22
Q

what are examples of a plant’s tissues?

A

epidermal tissue, palisade mesophyll tissue, spongy mesophyll tissue, xylem, pholem, meristem tissue.

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23
what is the features and functions of the epidermis tissue?
covered with a waxy cuticle which helps reduce water loss by evaporation.
24
what is the features and functions of the upper epidermis ?
transparent so that light can pass through into the palisade layer
25
what is the features and functions of the palisade layer?
has lots of chloroplasts (where photosynthesis happens), near the top of the leaf where they can get the most light.
26
what is the features and functions of the xylem and phloem?
form a network of vascular bundles, deliver water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and take away glucose produced in photosynthesis and to help support the structure of the leaf.
27
what are the two types of tissue flowering plants have?
phloem and xylem
28
what do the phloem and xylem do?
transport substances around the plant
29
what are phloem tubes made up of?
columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through.
30
what is cell sap?
a liquid made up of the substances being transported and water.
31
what do the phloem transport?
food substances (mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to be used immediately or stored.
32
what direction does transport go in the phloem? what is this process called?
both directions, translocation
33
what are xylem tubes made of?
dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle
34
what are the xylem strengthened by?
lignin
35
what do xylem transport?
water and mineral ions up the plant
36
what is transpiration?
the loss of water from a plant
37
what is a transpiration stream?
the movement of water through a plant from the roots to the leaves
38
what are the steps of the transpiration stream?
1- water from inside a leaf evaporates and diffuses out of the leaf, mainly through the stomata 2- this creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf so more water is drawn up from the roots through the xylem vessels to replace it 3- this in turn means more water is drawn up from the roots so their is a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant.
39
what is transpiration a side effect of?
the way plants have adapted for photosynthesis
40
what are the factors affecting the rate of transpiration?
light- the brighter the light, the greater the transpiration rate. Stomata begin to close when it gets darker. temperature- the warmer it is, the faster transpiration happens, when its warm, the water particles have more energy to diffuse out of the stomata. air flow- the better the air flow, the faster the rate of transpiration. if particles surrounding the leaf aren't swept away, there is a higher concentration of water particles outside the leaf as well as inside so the rate of diffusion decreases. humidity- the drier the air around the leaf, the faster transpiration happens. if the air is humid, there os a high concentration of water particles outside the leaf aswell as inside.
41
how can you estimate the rate of transpiration?
by measuring the uptake of water by the plant
42
how many guard cells surround each stomata?
2
43
where are the stomata usually found?
the underside of the leaf
44
what are the products in photosynthesis?
glucose and oxygen
45
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
choloroplasts
46
How does a plant use glucose?
respiration- energy is released from the breakdown of glucose making cellulose- glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls making amino acids - glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids
47
how is glucose stored?
lipids stored in seeds starch is stored in seeds, roots, stems and leaves
48
true or false, starch is insoluble?
true
49
what is the rate of photosynthesis affected by?
the intensity of light, the concentration of CO2 and the temperature
50
what does a graph showing the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis look like?
diagonally up from 0 by then evens out just over half way up
51
what does a graph showing the effect of CO2 levels have on the rate of photosynthesis look like?
diagonally up from 0 then evens out just over half way up
52
what does a graph showing the effect of temperature have on the rate of photosynthesis look like?
diagonally up from just above 0,then it plummets down when it hits 45°C as the enzymes die.
53
what is meant by a limiting factor of photosynthesis?
the factor which is stopping photosynthesis happening any faster
54
what is the most common way to artificially create a better environment for plants to grow in?
to grow them in a greenhouse
55
what are the factors that increase the rate of photosynthesis when plants are grown in a greenhouse?
temperature- greenhouse traps the suns heat light - farmers can supply artificial light CO2 concentration- controlled level of CO2 in the greenhouse general health of plants- kept away from animals and diseases.
56
hypertonic?
when the solution outside the cell becomes much more concentrated
57
hypotonic?
when the solution outside the cell is much more dilute than the cell contents
58
isotonic?
the concentration of the solutes in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration.

Biology (6 decks)

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