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module 3 biology > Transport in animals SLOP > Flashcards

Transport in animals SLOP Flashcards

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1
Q

describe 3 features of an effective transport system

A
  • fluid to carry nutrients/oxygen/waste around the body
  • a pump to create pressure that will push the fluid around the heart
  • exchange surfaces (capillaries)
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2
Q

describe 3 disadvantages of single circulatory systems, as seen in fish

A
  1. blood pressure drops as blood passes through the gill capillaries
  2. blood flows slowly through as it is under low pressure
  3. rate of delivery of O2 to respiring tissues is limited (and removal of CO2 and urea)
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3
Q

explain why fish do not need as much energy as mammals

A
  • not as metabolically active as they do not maintain their body temperature
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4
Q

what is open circulation

A

blood is not always held in vessels, but it circulates throughout the body cavity and the tissues and cells bath directly in blood

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5
Q

2 disadvantages of open circulatory systems

A
  • blood pressure is low and blood flow is therefore slow
  • circulation can be affected by body movements (or lack of)
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6
Q

state 3 advantages of closed circulation over open circulation

A
  • blood travels at higher pressure = faster
  • oxygen and nutrients supplied and CO2 removed more quickly
  • transport is independent of body movements
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7
Q

what is the purpose of semilunar valves

A

to prevent back-flow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles

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8
Q

why is left ventricular wall thicker than the right wall?

A

blood is pumped through the aorta and needs sufficient pressure to overcome the resistance of the systemic circulation.

Pulmonary artery only carries blood to the lungs.

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9
Q

why are there so many mitochondria cells in the cardiac muscle

A

supply energy for muscles to contract

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10
Q

*what is the purpose of intercalated discs between adjacent muscle cells

A

ensures an even, synchronised contraction

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11
Q

briefly outline the events of atrial systole

A
  • left and right atria contract together
  • blood is squeezed from the atria through the atrioventricular valves unto the ventricles
    (down a pressure gradient)
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12
Q

events of ventricular systole

A

ventricular blood pressure rises very quickly to a level above the arteries
- semilunar valves open and blood rushes out of ventricles into the arteries

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13
Q

outline the events of diastole

A

once ventricular contraction is complete, heart muscle starts to relax, heart fill with blood again and the semi lunar valves close

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14
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

cardiac muscle can initiate its own contractions

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15
Q

what tissue is responsible for initiating the heartbeat

A

Sinoatrial-node (SAN)

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16
Q

role of Atrioventricular-node (AVN)

A

tissue propagates the electrical signal form the atria to the ventricles, resulting in ventricular systole.

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17
Q

why is there a delay before the AVN depolarises the ventricular walls

A

to allow the atria to finish contracting

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18
Q

describe the role of the purkyne tissues

A

specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct a wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to the ventricles

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19
Q

what do the letters in PQRST indicate in an ECG

A

P = atrial excitation
QRS = ventricular excitation
T = diastole

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20
Q

slow HR

A

brachycardia

21
Q

*what happens in atrial fibrillation

A

atria beat more frequently than ventricle, meaning no clear p wave can be seen on ECG

22
Q

what is an ectopic heart beat?

A

an early ventricular beat

23
Q

fast HR

A

tachycardia

24
Q

*what is the inner tissue lining of a blood vessel called? What is its role?

A

endothelium - reduced friction with the flowing blood

25
Q

describe 3 structural layers of an artery

A
  • tunica intima: thick layer of elastic tissue which allow walls to stretch and recoil (opposes muscle)
  • tunica media: thick layer of smooth muscle
  • tunica adventitia: thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue providing strength to withstand the high pressure and recoiling against the muscle.
26
Q

what are the roles of an arteriole?

A

take blood from artery to capillary; they have a layer of smooth muscle which contracts restricting and slowing blood flow

27
Q

describe how capillaries are adapted for exchange

A

-narrow lumen (squeezes red blood cells against walls so transfer of O2 is better to the tissues)
-walls consist of single layer of endothelial cells reducing diffusion distance
- walls are permeable which allows blood plasma and dissolved substances to leave the blood

28
Q

describe function of a venule

A

takes blood from the capillaries to veins

29
Q

*describe how veins are adapted to carry blood back to the heart

A

wide lumen to ease blood flow; thin layers of elastic/muscle/collagen in walls as no need to stretch and recoil; valves to prevent back flow of blood

30
Q

where is hydrostatic pressure of the blood created

A

in the ventricles of the heart

31
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

the pressure created by the osmotic effects of solutes

32
Q

what substances might affect the oncotic pressure of the blood

A

dissolved solutes such as mineral ions, sugars and proteins

33
Q

state cell types most likely to be found in blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph

A

blood plasma - RBCs, Neutrophils, lymphocytes
tissue fluid - neutrophils (especially during infection)
lymph - lymphocytes

34
Q

why can’t proteins leave the blood plasma

A

too large to pass between squamous cells of capillary wall

35
Q

why can neutrophils enter the tissue fluid but erythrocytes cannot?

A

neutrophils can change shape very easily due to multi lobed nucleus, and squeeze themselves between cells. Erythrocytes cannot change shape as much

36
Q

*how does tissue fluid facilitate exchange of substances to body cells

A

tissue fluid surrounds body cells so exchange occurs across plasma membranes

37
Q

describe the structure of haemoglobin

A
  • four subunits (each with polypeptide chain and haem group)
  • haem group each contain an Fe2+ ion at the centre, iron ions can attract and hold an oxy molecule
38
Q

what is disassociation

A

oxyhemoglobin releases its oxygen to respiring cells

39
Q

what is the main difference between foetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin

A

it has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin

40
Q

describe 3 ways in which the CO2 is transported

A

5% dissolved directly in plasma
10% directly with HB in form of carbaminohaemoglobin
85% in form of hydrogen carbonate ions.

41
Q

*describe the formation of hydrogen carbonate ions

A

CO2 from the blood plasma diffuses into the RBCs and combines with water to form carbonic acid (catalysed by carbonic anhydrase)
carbonic acid then disassociates into hydrogen carbonate ions and protons

42
Q

*how is charge in a RBC maintained when hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse into plasma

A

chloride ions move into the RBC from the plasma = CHLORIDE SHIFT

43
Q

describe how the pH inside an RBC is buffered as hydrogen ions build up inside, making RBC very acidic

A

hydrogen ions are taken out of solution and combined with haemoglobin to form haemoglobonic acid (HHb)

44
Q

*what is the net result of bohr effect

A

more oxygen is released when more CO2 is produced in respiration

45
Q

*With reference to protein structure, explain how increase hydrogen ion levels affects haemoglobin

A

more hydrogen ions = lower pH (more acidic cytoplasm)
tertiary structure of HB altered which reduces affinity for oxygen

46
Q

HHb

A

haemoglobonic acid

47
Q

how many polypeptide chains in haemoglobin

A

4

48
Q

describe the role of the lymph fluid

A

a system of tubes that return excess tissue fluid to the blood stream.

module 3 biology (6 decks)

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