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module 3 biology > plant transport (brain exercise!) > Flashcards

plant transport (brain exercise!) Flashcards

this is information i did not recall in my mindblurting of the topic.

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1
Q

state a way that leaves are adapted for gas exchange?

A

leaves thin = short diffusion distance.

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2
Q

why do plants have a lower demand for oxygen than animals?

A

because they have a lower metabolic rate

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3
Q

is parenchyma living or non living? how do we know?

A

living - has a nucleus!

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4
Q

what is the function of parenchyma

A

packaging tissue - for storage and support

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5
Q

difference between xylem and phloem walls

A

xylem has no end walls, whereas phloem is divided into sieve tube elements with sieve plates.

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6
Q

why is it beneficial that xylem has no end walls?

A

to allow continuous column of water during transpiration

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7
Q

function of the xylem other than transport of water and mineral ions?

A

mechanical support for stems, roots, and leaves (due to lignin)

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8
Q

why is lignin beneficial to xylem walls?

A

adds strength and rigidity - prevents collapse under tension/transpiration pull forces

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9
Q

why is it beneficial that the xylem is narrow?

A

to ensure column of water doesn’t break

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10
Q

what is the function of the non lignified pits in the xylem walls?

A

to allow lateral flow of water

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11
Q

why is the cytoplasm pushed to the sides in sieve tube elements?

A

becomes a thin layer SO less resistance to flow

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12
Q

what are amyloplasts?

A

starch grains

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13
Q

function of sieve plate

A

keeps tubes open ( for support ) and allows tube to be blocked incase of infection

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14
Q

what is function of callose?

A

prevents loss of sap + spread of infection

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15
Q

if a phloem is cut, how do the sieve tube elements react?

A

rapidly block the sieve pores so sucrose accumulates above where it is cut (swelling)

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16
Q

what are cytoplasmic strands and what is their function?

A
  • connect companion cell with sieve tube element
  • facilitate movement of substances between cells (sucrose)
  • enable cell signalling
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17
Q

what can cambium produce?

A

new xylem + phloem cells

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18
Q

function of collenchyma

A

extra support

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19
Q

state order of the layers of ‘chyma’ starting from inwards to outwards of a stem

A

-sclerenchyma
-parenchyma
-collenchyma

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20
Q

features of meristematic cells (4)

A
  • thin cell walls
  • little cellulose
  • no vacuole
  • no chloroplasts
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21
Q

what 3 organelles do phloem sieve tubes not have?

A
  • ribosomes
  • vacuole
  • golgi
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22
Q

definition of mass flow

A

bulk transport of material from one point to another as a result of pressure differences between two points

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23
Q

why do root hair cells have short diffusion distances?

A

hair was thin surface layer

24
Q

how can root hair cells carry out active transport of minerals

A

have many mitochondria to provide ATP

25
Q

how do minerals move from soil to roots?

A

pumped in via active transport

26
Q

what wall blocks apoplast pathway of water?

A

casparian strip (suberin)

27
Q

active pumping of mineral ions causes…

A

root pressure

28
Q

what is another term for capillary action?

A

cohesion-tension hypothesis

29
Q

how does water availability affect transpiration

A

cells surrounding stomata lose turgidity so stomata may close to prevent water loss

30
Q

state how number of leaves affect transpiration

A

more leaves = more stomata to lose water water from therefore increase transpiration

31
Q

how does presence of cuticle affect water loos? (transpiration)

A

the thicker the cuticle the slower the rate of transpiration. (thicker leaves in younger + shaded plants)

32
Q

what safety procedures must be taken into account when using a potometer?

A
  • glass tubing
  • secateurs (sharp)
  • allergies (wear gloves)
33
Q

in a potometer test, why must you put vaseline on the joints?

A

to make the leaf airtight + watertight

34
Q

why must you leave the potometer experiment set up for a good 5 minutes before you start recording

A

to allow plant to acclimatise

35
Q

why is it advantageous that cacti have spines instead of leaves?

A

reduces surface area for water loss

36
Q

explain the adaptation of stomata in cacti?

A

they close at the hottest times when transpiration would be highest in order to retain water

37
Q

function of the hairs on marram grass

A

to trap humid air to decrease water potential

38
Q

why are pits in marram grass adapted to have sunken stomata?

A

shelters from wind + traps moist air = decreasing water potential gradient = slower transpiration

39
Q

why do marram grass have rolled leaves? (3)

A

-minimise surface area of moist tissue exposed to air
-protects leaves from wind
-funnel rainwater to the roots

40
Q

what does a xerophyte have that a hydrophyte lacks?

A

waxy cuticle is absent

41
Q

what is the function of aerenchyma (airspaces) in a hydrophyte?

A

males leaves buoyant = float to surface for light

42
Q

hydrophytes are wide and flat - how is this beneficial for photosynthesis?

A

increases surface area = more light captured = increasing gas exchange.

43
Q

list the three features that reduces loss of water vapour in xerophytic leaves

A
  • hair leaves
  • rolled/curled up
  • thick waxy cuticle
44
Q

definition of translocation

A

movement of dissolved substances (solute) like sucrose and amino acids to where they are needed in a plant

45
Q

what molecule is soluble and metabolically inactive?

A

sucrose

46
Q

name the 3 stages of translocation

A
  1. phloem loading (active)
  2. mass flow (passive)
  3. phloem unloading
47
Q

in active loading, how do protons move through the cell surface membrane of a companion cell?

A

proton pump (active)

48
Q

what happens during mass flow

A

bulk transport of sucrose and amino acids down pressure gradient from source to sink

49
Q

what happens during phloem unloading

A

sucrose -> moves into sink cells and is used up

50
Q

what process supplies energy to pump H ions out of companion cells?

A

ATP hydrolysis

51
Q

sucrose and H ions are transported by co-transporter protein via which process?

A

facilitated diffusion

52
Q

how does sucrose diffuse into sieve tube elements?

A

via the plasmodesmata

53
Q

effects of cyanide on plants

A

poisons mitochondria = no energy = no active loading of sucrose = no translocation

54
Q

what is sucrose used for at the sink end?

A

converted into glucose for respiration or storage of starch

55
Q

how is mass flow maintained?

A

decrease hydrostatic pressure at sink allows pressure gradient for mass flow to be maintained

56
Q

why is concentration gradient for sucrose being maintained?

A

because its constantly being used up by sink cells.

module 3 biology (6 decks)

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