transport in animals Flashcards
what is the circulatory system
system of tubes (veins, capillaries, arteries) with a pump (heart) and valves (in heart and veins) to ensure one-way flow of blood.
what is the single circulation system
Two heart chambers
Blood absorbs oxygen in gills
Released in body cells then back to heart
what is the double circulation system
Four heart chambers
Blood passes through heart twice
Oxygenated in lungs, to heart, to body, back to heart
Advantage: delivers greater blood flow rate to tissues around the body as the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to it from the lungs
right atrium function
collect deoxygenated blood & pump it to right ventricle
right ventricle function
pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
pulmonary artery function
carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
septum function
separates left and right sides of the heart
pulmonary vein function
carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
left atrium function
collect oxygenated blood and pump it to left ventricle
left ventricle function
pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta
aorta function
carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body
tricuspid and bicuspid valves function
prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract (atria ventricular valves)
pulmonary and aortic valves function
prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles (semi-lunar valves)
describe cardia diastole
all chambers are relaxed, and blood flows into the heart
describe atrial systole, ventricular diastole
atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
describe Atrial diastole, ventricular systole
after atria relax, ventricles contract, pushing blood out of heart
effect of physical activity on the heart
Physical activity makes the heart beat more quickly and more deeply, for an increased circulation of blood so that more oxygen and glucose can get to the muscles.
what is ECG trace
The electrical activity of the heart can be monitored by the electrocardiogram, pulse rate and listening to the sounds of the valves closing
what is coronary heart disease
Coronary artery becomes blocked, interrupting the supply of blood to the heart muscle.
The heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen & glucose, and poisonous wastes such as lactic acid build up.
Part of the heart muscle stops contracting, causing a heart attack
causes of coronary heart disease
Caused by stress, smoking, poor diet, poor lifestyle & genetically
ways to prevent coronary heart disease
Can be prevented by not smoking, avoiding fatty food and exercising regularly
treatment of coronary heart disease
Treated by aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and by-pass)
function of artery
Transport high pressure blood away from heart
structure of artery
Elastic walls expand and relax as blood is forced out; causes pulse
Thick walls withstand high pressure
Rings of muscle narrow or widen artery to control blood flow
function of vein
Transport low pressure blood to the heart
structure of vein
Valves prevent backflow of blood.
Blood is at low pressure, but nearby muscles squeeze veins and help push blood to the heart
Large diameter and thin walls reduce resistance to flow of blood
function of capillary
Allow substances to diffuse into cells
structure of capillary
One cell thick wall for easy diffusion
Highly branched; large surface area
Capillary beds constantly supplied with fresh blood, so diffusion occurs
diffusion in the capillary
Useful substances move out of plasma of capillaries into tissue fluid (fluid in between cells in tissues)
Cells need oxygen and nutrients, and produce waste products such as CO2 & useful products such as hormone
Capillaries are constantly supplied with new blood, otherwise diffusion could not occur
which vessel goes from lungs to heart
pulmonary vein
which vessel goes from heart to lungs
pulmonary artery
which vessel goes from liver to heart
hepatic vein
which vessel goes from heart to liver
hepatic artery
which vessel goes from kidneys to heart
renal vein
which vessel goes from heart to hidneys
renal artery
what is the lymphatic system
Circulation of body fluids, and the production of lymphocytes.
what is the lymph node
Lymph node contains many lymphocytes which filter lymph.
what is tissue fluid
Tissue fluid: made when plasma is squeezed out of capillaries. Substances diffuse between cells and tissue fluid. Tissue fluid returns to the capillaries by osmosis.
what are lymph vessels
Lymph vessels collect lymph and return it to the blood.
red blood cells function
hemoglobin and oxygen transport
white blood cells function
phagocytosis and antibody formation
platelets function
causing clotting
plasma function
transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea and plasma proteins
phagocytes characteristics
- Phagocyte has lobed nucleus and vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
- do phagocytosis
what is phagocytosis
Phagocytosis: engulf pathogen, vesicles fuse with vacuole, enzymes digest bacteria. Then either destroyed by being ingested by phagocytes, or the antibodies may do it.
what is an antigen
protein/ carbohydrate on surface of pathogen which provokes immune system
lymphocytes characteristics
- Lymphocytes are found in blood and in lymph nodes
- Large nucleus and they produce antibodies,
what are antibodies
Y-shaped protein, bind to label pathogens.
what is blood clotting
Reduces blood loss and keeps pathogens out
Fibrinogen (inactive) turns to fibrin (activated), and forms a mesh to trap red blood cells, which eventually dries to form a scab.
