transport in animals

Question 1

what is the circulatory system

Answer 1

system of tubes (veins, capillaries, arteries) with a pump (heart) and valves (in heart and veins) to ensure one-way flow of blood.

Question 2

what is the single circulation system

Answer 2

Two heart chambers

Blood absorbs oxygen in gills

Released in body cells then back to heart

Question 3

what is the double circulation system

Answer 3

Four heart chambers

Blood passes through heart twice

Oxygenated in lungs, to heart, to body, back to heart

Advantage: delivers greater blood flow rate to tissues around the body as the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to it from the lungs

Question 4

right atrium function

Answer 4

collect deoxygenated blood & pump it to right ventricle

Question 5

right ventricle function

Answer 5

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 6

pulmonary artery function

Answer 6

carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

Question 7

septum function

Answer 7

separates left and right sides of the heart

Question 8

pulmonary vein function

Answer 8

carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Question 9

left atrium function

Answer 9

collect oxygenated blood and pump it to left ventricle

Question 10

left ventricle function

Answer 10

pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

Question 11

aorta function

Answer 11

carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body

Question 12

tricuspid and bicuspid valves function

Answer 12

prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract (atria ventricular valves)

Question 13

pulmonary and aortic valves function

Answer 13

prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles (semi-lunar valves)

Question 14

describe cardia diastole

Answer 14

all chambers are relaxed, and blood flows into the heart

Question 15

describe atrial systole, ventricular diastole

Answer 15

atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles

Question 16

describe Atrial diastole, ventricular systole

Answer 16

after atria relax, ventricles contract, pushing blood out of heart

Question 17

effect of physical activity on the heart

Answer 17

Physical activity makes the heart beat more quickly and more deeply, for an increased circulation of blood so that more oxygen and glucose can get to the muscles.

Question 18

what is ECG trace

Answer 18

The electrical activity of the heart can be monitored by the electrocardiogram, pulse rate and listening to the sounds of the valves closing

Question 19

what is coronary heart disease

Answer 19

Coronary artery becomes blocked, interrupting the supply of blood to the heart muscle.

The heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen & glucose, and poisonous wastes such as lactic acid build up.

Part of the heart muscle stops contracting, causing a heart attack

Question 20

causes of coronary heart disease

Answer 20

Caused by stress, smoking, poor diet, poor lifestyle & genetically

Question 21

ways to prevent coronary heart disease

Answer 21

Can be prevented by not smoking, avoiding fatty food and exercising regularly

Question 22

treatment of coronary heart disease

Answer 22

Treated by aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and by-pass)

Question 23

function of artery

Answer 23

Transport high pressure blood away from heart

Question 24

structure of artery

Answer 24

Elastic walls expand and relax as blood is forced out; causes pulse
Thick walls withstand high pressure
Rings of muscle narrow or widen artery to control blood flow

Question 25

function of vein

Answer 25

Transport low pressure blood to the heart

Question 26

structure of vein

Answer 26

Valves prevent backflow of blood.
Blood is at low pressure, but nearby muscles squeeze veins and help push blood to the heart
Large diameter and thin walls reduce resistance to flow of blood

Question 27

function of capillary

Answer 27

Allow substances to diffuse into cells

Question 28

structure of capillary

Answer 28

One cell thick wall for easy diffusion
Highly branched; large surface area
Capillary beds constantly supplied with fresh blood, so diffusion occurs

Question 29

diffusion in the capillary

Answer 29

Useful substances move out of plasma of capillaries into tissue fluid (fluid in between cells in tissues)

Cells need oxygen and nutrients, and produce waste products such as CO2 & useful products such as hormone

Capillaries are constantly supplied with new blood, otherwise diffusion could not occur

Question 30

which vessel goes from lungs to heart

Answer 30

pulmonary vein

Question 31

which vessel goes from heart to lungs

Answer 31

pulmonary artery

Question 32

which vessel goes from liver to heart

Answer 32

hepatic vein

Question 33

which vessel goes from heart to liver

Answer 33

hepatic artery

Question 34

which vessel goes from kidneys to heart

Answer 34

renal vein

Question 35

which vessel goes from heart to hidneys

Answer 35

renal artery

Question 36

what is the lymphatic system

Answer 36

Circulation of body fluids, and the production of lymphocytes.

Question 37

what is the lymph node

Answer 37

Lymph node contains many lymphocytes which filter lymph.

Question 38

what is tissue fluid

Answer 38

Tissue fluid: made when plasma is squeezed out of capillaries. Substances diffuse between cells and tissue fluid. Tissue fluid returns to the capillaries by osmosis.

Question 39

what are lymph vessels

Answer 39

Lymph vessels collect lymph and return it to the blood.

Question 40

red blood cells function

Answer 40

hemoglobin and oxygen transport

Question 41

white blood cells function

Answer 41

phagocytosis and antibody formation

Question 42

platelets function

Answer 42

causing clotting

Question 43

plasma function

Answer 43

transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea and plasma proteins

Question 44

phagocytes characteristics

Answer 44

• Phagocyte has lobed nucleus and vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
• do phagocytosis

Question 45

what is phagocytosis

Answer 45

Phagocytosis: engulf pathogen, vesicles fuse with vacuole, enzymes digest bacteria. Then either destroyed by being ingested by phagocytes, or the antibodies may do it.

Question 46

what is an antigen

Answer 46

protein/ carbohydrate on surface of pathogen which provokes immune system

Question 47

lymphocytes characteristics

Answer 47

• Lymphocytes are found in blood and in lymph nodes

- Large nucleus and they produce antibodies,

Question 48

what are antibodies

Answer 48

Y-shaped protein, bind to label pathogens.

Question 49

what is blood clotting

Answer 49

Reduces blood loss and keeps pathogens out

Fibrinogen (inactive) turns to fibrin (activated), and forms a mesh to trap red blood cells, which eventually dries to form a scab.