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Module 3- Exchange and Transport Surfaces > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common features of a transport system?

A

A liquid transport medium
Vessels to carry the medium
Pumping mechanism to push fluid around the system.

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2
Q

What are some purposes of specialised transport systems?

A

Molecules like hormones and enzymes might need transporting
Waste products from metabolic reactions need to be removed from cells
Food nutrients need to be transported throughout the organism.

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3
Q

What is the difference between an open and cloeed transport system?

A

An open transport system has very few vessels ro contain the transport medium, but a cloesed circulatory system is enclosed in vessels like veins and arteries.

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4
Q

What is insect blood called?

A

Haemolymph

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5
Q

What is the name od an open body cavity?

A

Haemocoel

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6
Q

What defines a single circulatory system?

A

Blood passes through the heart once in order to make one complete circuit.

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7
Q

What defines a mass transport system?

A

Substances transported in a fluid with a mechanism for moving fluid around the body.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of heamolymph in an insect?

A

To transport nitrogenous waste products and nutrients.

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9
Q

What does a heart in an insect look like?

A

A long membrane extending along the thorax and abdomen.

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10
Q

Describe a single closed circulatory system

A

Blood passes through two sets of capillaries, in the first exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. In the second, substances are exchanged. They have one ventricle and one atrium.

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11
Q

Why might an animal with a single closed circulatory system be quite inactive?

A

Because in the second set of capillaries blood pressure drops considerably, and returns to the heart slowly, making the system quite ineffecient at exchange processes.

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12
Q

Why can fish be active even though they have a singular circulatory system? (Three reasons)

A

The counter-current system means efficient gas exchange
Their body weight is suspended in the water
They do not maintain their own body temperature.

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13
Q

What happens in a double closed circulatory system?

A

A pulmonary circulation take blood to and from the lungs to be oxygenated, and a second systematic circulation carries oxygenated blood to other tissues- ie, blood makes two passes through the heart to make one complete circuit.

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14
Q

What are the three components that make up blood vessels?

A

Elastic fibres, providing flexibility
Collagen, providing stuctural support
Smooth muscle, contracting and relaxing to change the diameter of the lumen.

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15
Q

Arteries take blood where?

A

Away from the heart. They carry oxygenated blood

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16
Q

Veins take blood where?

A

To the heart. They carry deoxygenated blood.

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17
Q

Which two major arteries are the exceptions and why?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to ths lungs
The umbilical artery carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.

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18
Q

What is the name of the lining of the artery?

A

Endothelium

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19
Q

Why are the walls of an artery so thick?

A

To cope with the high pressure of surges from the beating heart.

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20
Q

Define a capillary

A

A microscopic blood vessel linking the arterioles with venules.

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21
Q

What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

A

7.5-8 micrometres

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22
Q

Describe the pathway of the systematic circulation

A

Leaves the left ventricle through the aorta, into smaller arteries, artieoles, into capillaries, venules, veins, the vena cava and into the right ventricle.

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23
Q

Which side of the heart takes deoxygenated blood?

A

The right side.

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24
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their roles? (Three ways)

A

Large surface area for the diffusion of substances.
Cross sectional area of capillaries is greater than arteioles supplying it.
Thin endothelial walls allow easy diffusion.

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25
Q

What is the difference between the inferior and superior vena cava?

A

The superior vena cava carries blood from the head and upper body and the inferior from the lower parts of the body.

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26
Q

Why do veins have very low pressure?

A

Because surges from the heart are lost when the blood passes through the narrow capillaries.

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27
Q

How are veins adapted to cope with the low pressure environment? (Three ways)

A

Large lumen and thin smooth lining so blood flows easily.
One-way valves control the movement of the blood.
Bigger veins run between active muscles and in the breathing chest, so the contraction acts as a almost pumping mechanism.

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28
Q

Name the main components of blood

A

Plasma, platelets, red and white blood cells, ions and organic molecules.

29
Q

What are platelets and what is their purpose?

A

Fragments of megakaryotes, involved in clotting mechanisms of the blood.

30
Q

Which components of blood are important for blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen and platelets

31
Q

Which components of blood are important for blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen and platelets

32
Q

Define oncotic pressure.

A

The tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis.

33
Q

What is the tendancy for oncotic pressure?

A

3.3 kPa

34
Q

What gives blood a low water potential?

A

The high concentration of solutes from plasma proteins.

35
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure.

A

Pressure caused by surges from the contractions of the heart.

36
Q

What is the average hydrostatic pressure in the arterial end?

A

4.6 kPa

37
Q

What is fluid called once it leaves the arteries?

A

Tissue Fluid

38
Q

Why is water squeezed out of the arteries at the arterial end?

A

Because hydrostatic pressure is higher than oncotic pressure, which is attracting water into the arteries, so fluid is therefore squeezed out.

39
Q

How can we compare the compostion of tissue fluid to plasma?

A

It is the same but without plasma proteins and blood.

40
Q

What changes towards the venous end of the capillaries?

A

The balance between oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure.

41
Q

What is the average hydrostatic pressure towards the venous end?

A

2.3 kPa

42
Q

How much tissue fluid returns to the capillaries towards the venous end?

A

90%

43
Q

What happens to the tissue fluid that doesn’t return to the capillaries?

A

It enters the lymph capillaries and becomes known as lymph.

44
Q

How is lymph compositionally different to plasma and tissue fluid?

A

It has less oxygen and fewer nutrients, with high concentrations of fatty acids from the small intestine.

45
Q

Where does lymph rejoin the blood?

A

In the subclavian veins, under the collarbone.

46
Q

What builds up in the lymph nodes?

A

Lymphocytes.

47
Q

Where are erythrocytes formed in adults?

A

Red bone marrow

48
Q

How long do erythrocytes live for?

A

120 days

49
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin.

A

Four peptide chains, each with a iron containing haem prosthetic group.

50
Q

What is another name for the right atrioventricular valve?

A

The tricuspid valve

51
Q

Name the order of the main valves right to left (diagram version)

A

vena cava, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary vein

52
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

The right atrium through the vena cava.

53
Q

Define systole.

A

Contraction of the heart muscle.

54
Q

Define diastole.

A

Relaxing of the heart muscle.

55
Q

What is the purpose of the tendinous cords?

A

Make sure the atrioventricular valves are not turned inside out

56
Q

Where are the semilunar valves?

A

At the base of the major arteries.

57
Q

Which side of the heart has a thick muscular wall and why?

A

The left side of the heart is much thicker because it has to provide sufficient force for systematic circulation, whereas the right side only has to complete pulmonary circulation.

58
Q

What is the septum?

A

The muscular wall dividing the left and right sides of the heart.

59
Q

How long is the cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

60
Q

What is the term for a muscle that doesn’t need to be conciously contracted?

A

Myogenic

61
Q

How is heartbeat stimulated?

A

A wave of electrical excitation.

62
Q

Describe the path of electrical excitation.

A

The pacemaker area, or sino-atrial node (SAN) in the right atrium to the atrio-ventricular node (AVN) a slight delay, then passed to the bundle of His, through the spetum and into the walls, triggering ventricular systole.

63
Q

Why is it important the AVN delays the wave of excitation?

A

To ensure the atria have finished contracting.

64
Q

What are the bundle of His made of?

A

Purkyne fibres

65
Q

What does ECG stand for and what does it measure?

A

Electrocardiogram- tiny electrical changes on the skin caused by the electrical activity of the heart.

66
Q

Define Tachycardia

A

When the heartbeat is very rapid (over 100 bpm)

67
Q

Define Bradycardia

A

When the heartbeat slows to below 60 bpm

68
Q

Define an ectopic heartbeat.

A

Extra heartbeats out of normal rhythm.

Module 3- Exchange and Transport Surfaces (4 decks)

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