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Module 3- Exchange and Transport Surfaces > Specialised Exchange Surfaces > Flashcards

Specialised Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

Why do organisms need specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Because simple diffusion isn’t enough to supply enough oxygen to multicellular organisms.

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2
Q

State the two main reasons why diffusion alone can supply single celled organisms.

A

The metabolic activity is low
The surface area:volume ratio is high

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3
Q

State the two main reasons why diffusion alone can’t supply multicellular organisms.

A

Because the distance between cells where oxygen is needed and the supply of oxygen is too far, and the organisms are more likely to move so have a large amoung of carbon dioxide to move. Gases aren’t exchanged fast enough and the organism might die.

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4
Q

The bigger the organism…

A

The smaller the SA:V ratio

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5
Q

What key features do all effective exchange surfaces have?

A

Increeased surface area
Thin layers
Good blood supply
Ventilation maintaining diffusion gradient

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6
Q

Why is it important that gaseous exchange systems are moist?

A

So oxygen dissolves in the water before diffusing into tissues

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7
Q

Describe the route oxygen takes in the mammalian exchange system

A

Enters through the mouth/nasal cavity, down the trachea, into the bronchi, into the bronchioles, into alveoli (site of gaseous exchange) into the blood supply.

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8
Q

Describe the key features of the nasal cavity.

A

A large surface area with good blood supply, warming air to body temperature
A hairy lining that secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria
Moist surfaces that increase humidity to incoming air and reducing evaporation.

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9
Q

Describe the key features of the trachea

A

Incomplete rings of cartilige that allow the oesophagus to function but give the trachea structure
Goblet cells that secrete mucus to trap pathogens and ciliated epithelium to beat the mucus back up the throat, which is swallowed and digested.

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10
Q

What can cigarette smoke stop?

A

Cilia from beating mucus and pathogens.

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11
Q

Describe key features of the bronchioles.

A

No cartilage but smooth muscle that allow the bronchioles to contract and dilate, controlling the volume of air reaching the site of gaseous exchange.

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12
Q

Name some key features of the alveoli.

A

Composed of thin epithelial cells, surrounded by thin layers of collagen and elastin
Thin layers
Good blood supply
Large SA:V

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13
Q

How can the lungs stay inflated?

A

Lung surfactant dissolved in water

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14
Q

What is the name of the chest cavity?

A

The thorax

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15
Q

Define ventilation

A

The movement of air in the lungs, brought about as a result of pressure changes in the thorax due to breathing movements.

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16
Q

What is taking air in called?

A

Inspiration

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17
Q

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

Active because it uses energy to contract the diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles

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18
Q

What is the process of breathing out called?

A

Expiration

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19
Q

How does the thorax move during expiration?

A

Downwards and outwards

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20
Q

Is expiration an active or passive process?

A

Passive

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21
Q

Why does air move out of the thorax during expiration?

A

Because when the volume of the thorax decreases the pressure increases, forcing air out through the mouth.

22
Q

What would happen if a baby was born without lung surfactants?

A

The baby’s lungs would stick together and it would not be possible for it to breathe, resulting in it suffocating.

23
Q

Give three ways to measure lung capacity

A

A peak flow meter, a vitalograph, and a spirometer.

24
Q

Describe how to use a spirometer.

A

Soda lime absorbs CO2

25
Q

What is the purpose of soda lime in a spirometer?

A

Absorbs CO2

26
Q

What is tidal capacity?

A

The volume of air moving in and out of the lungs at a resting rate.

27
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The volume of air that can be breathed in when the strongest exhalation is followed by the deepest intake of breath.

28
Q

What is the inspiratory/expiratory reserve volume?

A

Inspiratory- maximum air breathed in after a regular inhalation. Expiratory- maxiumum air breathed out after a regular exhalation.

29
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after the subject has exhaled as hard as possible.

30
Q

How can we calculate total lung capacity?

A

The sum of vital capacity and residual volume.

31
Q

How can we define breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths per minute.

32
Q

How can we define ventilation rate?

A

Total volume of air inhaled in one minute.

33
Q

How can we calculate ventilation rate?

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate.

34
Q

Describe the air pathway in an insect.

A

Through the spiracles, into the tracheae, into the tracheoles, where it diffuses straight into respiring tissue

35
Q

How can insects control this air movement? (Two ways)

A

Sphincter muscles control how many spiracles on the thorax and abdomen are open and closed.
Tracheal fluid can prevent air penetration.

36
Q

Where can we find spiracles?

A

Across the abdomen and thorax of the insect.

37
Q

What can we find at the end of the trachioles?

A

Tracheal fluid

38
Q

What is the purpose of tracheal fluid?

A

To prevent air penetration. When the organism is active, the build up of lactic acid in the muscle cells leads to the osmosis of tracheal fluid into the cells, allowing more surface area for diffusion.

39
Q

What are some alternative methods of increasing gaseous exchange?

A

Mechanical ventilation- air is actively pumped in using muscular movements, changing the pressures and volumes of the body. Collapsible tracheae are used as air resevoirs.

40
Q

What are the three states of discontinuous gas exchange cycles?

A

Closed, fluttering, and open.

41
Q

Describe the fluttering stage of DGC.

A

Spiracles open and close rapidly, moving gases in and out quickly but minimising water loss.

42
Q

Describe the open stage of the DCG.

A

Occurs when carbon dioxide levels build up really high, spiracles open widely and oxygen diffuses out rapidly.

43
Q

Why is it important that fish have a effecient gaseous exchange surface?

A

Because water is 1000x denser and 100x more viscous than air, with a lower oxygen content.

44
Q

What do bony fish use to respire?

A

Gills

45
Q

Describe the structure of the gills.

A

Layers of gill arches are composed of strand- like structures called gill filaments, occuring in large stacks called gill plates.
Gill filaments are covered in micro structures called lamellae, which increase surface area and have good blood supply.

46
Q

Describe the movement of oxygen in the ventilation system of a bony fish

A

Enters through the mouth into the buccal cavity, as the opercular valve is shut. The mouth closes and the pressure changes force water across the gills and out of the operculum.

47
Q

What is the bony flap covering the gills called?

A

The operculum.

48
Q

Describe what occurs when the mouth of a fish opens

A

The floor of the buccal acvity is opened, increasing in volume as water moves in due to the lower pressure. The opercular valve closes and the opercular cavity expands, lowering the pressure in the opercular cavity.

49
Q

Describe what happens when the mouth of a fish opens.

A

The opercular valve opens and the sides of the opercular cavity move inwards, increasing pressure in the cavity and forcing water over the gills.

50
Q

What are the two extra gill adaptations?

A

The tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap, increasing resistance and slowing down water. Water moving over the gills and blood in the gills move in opposite directions, maintaining a steep concentration gradient for oxygen to diffuse across.

51
Q

Describe the countercurrent system.

A

This is when water moving over the gills moves in the opposite direction to blood flow in the gills, maintaining a steep concentration gradient.

52
Q

How do fish like sharks ventilate the gills without a opercular cavity?

A

Ram ventilation- they constantly move, forcing water over the gills

Module 3- Exchange and Transport Surfaces (4 decks)

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