Transport In Animals Flashcards
what is the pulmonary circulatory system
when blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns back to the heart
what is the systemic circulatory system
when blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
name the vessels in the liver
hepatic vein
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
name the vessels in the kidney
renal vein
renal artery
where do the coronary arteries branch off from
coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and supply oxygen and glucose to the heart muscle
what is the double circulatory system in mammals
blood is pumped from the heart via the right ventricle to the lungs and then returns to the heart (pulmonary circulatory system ) before being pumped via the left ventricle to the rest of the body (systemic circulatory system)
what is the equation for cardiac output
cm3 min-1
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
what is the definition for cardiac output
cardiac output is the volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle in 1 minute
what’s the definition stroke volume
stroke volume is the volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle of the heart per contraction
what is the definition of heart rate
the number of contractions of the heart per minute
what happens to the heart during excercise
during exercise, the rate at which venous blood returns to the heart increases. this increased blood flow causes the cardiac muscle to contract more strongly , pumping out an increased volume of blood (stroke volume increases) . the heart rate also increases during exercise
what happens to the heart when you regularly exercise
regular exercise causes the heart to produce stronger contractions and the ventricles to be larger in size and volume. this leads to an increased stroke volume and in tern a reduction in the resting heart rate
what is a risk factor
anything that increases the chance of getting a disease
eg smoking
what is oxygen carried in
the respiratory pigment “haemoglobin” in red blood cells
what is haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a iron containing pigment which loosely and reversibly combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
what does each haemoglobin molecule consist of
haemoglobin molecule consists of 4 polypeptide chains with 4 haem units
it is a quaternary structure as it has more than one polypeptide chain
what affinity for oxygen does haemoglobin have in the lungs and why
haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen in the lungs as there is a high partial pressure of oxygen and so it quickly loads oxygen and becomes mostly saturated
what affinity for oxygen does haemoglobin have in body tissues
haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen in the body tissues at low partial pressures , haemoglobin unloads some of its oxygen at respiring cells
what shape is the oxyhaemoglobin disassociation curve
a s shape (sigmoid)
why is the oxyhaemoglobin disassociation curve a sigmoid shape
because when a molecule of oxygen binds to one of four haem units
this causes a change in the tertiary structures of the other haem units / quaternary structure of the haemoglobin
this increases their affinity for oxygen allowing the 2nd oxygen molecule to bind more easily etc and this is called CO-OPERATIVE BINDING
^ by the same process, the ability for haemoglobin to lose oxygen increases as fewer oxygen molecules are bound
what is myoglobin
is it a store of oxygen
myoglobin is only present in muscles
it has a much higher affinity of oxygen that haemoglobin
myoglobin only releases oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is low in the tissues and haemoglobin has already unloaded most of its oxygen
yes haemoglobin is a store of oxygen in the muscle cells
what is the bohr effect
the bohr effect only takes place in the tissues, usually during exercise
the bohr effect does not take place in the lungs
during exercise, muscle cells respire more rapidly producing a larger concentration of co2. and the co2 dissolves in the blood plasma to form an acid which decreases the pH
the change of pH in the tissues causes the quaternary structure of the haemoglobin to change and lowers the affinity of oxygen in haemoglobin
haemoglobin releases more oxygen to the respiring cells
the bohr effect is a physiological advantage to the body as it ensures haemoglobin releases more oxygen to the most active cells for the increase of respiration taking place
the oxygen disassociation curve shifts to the right
what happens to haemoglobin for organisms who live in low concentrations of oxygen environments
where does the oxygen disassociation curve shift
the haemoglobin will have a higher affinity oxygen as it will load more oxygen at the low partial pressure of oxygen
the oxygen disassociation curve shifts to the left
