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exchange and transport > transport in animals > Flashcards

transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

what is a single circulatory system?

A

one around the body through the heart

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2
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A
  • blood travels twice through the heart for one circuit of the body
  • overcomes the resistance of the systemic and pulmonary systems
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3
Q

what is a closed system?

A

transport medium in vessels doesn’t come into contact with cells

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4
Q

what is an open system?

A

transport medium is pumped directly into the body cavity

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5
Q

what are the differences between a complete and partial double system?

A

partial
- one ventricle and three chambers
- left and right side arent separated so oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can mix
complete
- blood passes twice through heart for one circuit
- has systemic and pulmonary system

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6
Q

why is a transport system required?

A
  • SA:V ratio is too small so diffusion is too slow
  • metabolic rate
  • transport of waste or nutrients
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7
Q

what are the components of a mass transport system?

A
  • pump
  • circulating transport medium
  • vessels
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8
Q

how does a fish circulatory system work?

A
  • single circulatory system
  • two heart chambers
  • blood from body goes to atrium
  • pumped from ventricle to gills to be reoxygenated
  • metabolic capacity is low
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9
Q

how does an amphibian circulatory system work?

A
  • three chambered heart
    -2 atria 1 ventricle
  • atria receive blood from lungs and body
  • blood can mix in ventricle
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10
Q

how does a reptile circulatory system work?

A
  • three chambered heart
  • ventricle is divided to stop blood mixing
  • 2 main arteries for body and lungs
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11
Q

how does an insect circulatory system work?

A
  • open system
  • dorsal vessel is the main vessel
  • tubular heart pumps haemolymph (blood)
  • delivered to haemocoel (body)
  • surrounds organs until it reenters heart via one way valves called ostia
  • oxygen is delivered idrectly to the tissues
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12
Q

advs of single system

A
  • less complex
  • fewer major organs
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13
Q

disadvs of single system

A
  • low blood pressure
  • low metabolic rate
  • slow blood flow
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14
Q

advs of double system

A
  • pump blood further
  • high blood pressure
  • faster
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15
Q

disadvs of double system

A
  • complex
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16
Q

role of elastic fibres in blood vessels

A

stretch and recoil so walls dont snap under the pressure

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17
Q

role of smooth muscle in blood vessels

A

contract and relax to change lumen shape and maintain pressure and pulse flow

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18
Q

what are the adaptations of arteries?

A
  • thick walls to withstand pressure
  • elastic fibres that can stretch and recoil to prevent snapping
  • narrow lumen relative to wall thickness to maintain pressure
  • collagen wall for strength
  • endothelium lining to reduce friction
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19
Q

differences between arteries and arterioles

A
  • arterioles have more muscle and less elastic fibre
  • lower pressure but need to contract and relax more to maintain blood flow
  • vasoconstriction and vasodilation to control capillary beds
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20
Q

what are the adaptations of capillaries?

A

very narrow diameter
- reduce blood flow to allow more time for gas exchange
thin walls of endothelium
- short diffusion pathway
leaky walls
- allows dissolved substances to leave the blood

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21
Q

what are the three types of capillaries?

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinusoid
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22
Q

what does a continuous capillary do?

A
  • limit the permeability of larger molecules
  • eg. in the CNS blood-brain barrier
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23
Q

what does a fenestrated capillary do?

A
  • allow for selective reabsorption
  • eg in the kidneys
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24
Q

what does a sinusoid capillary do?

A

increases permeability of larger molecules eg. in the liver

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25
Q

what is pressure like at the arterial end of a capillary?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure > oncotic/blood osmotic pressure
  • hydrostatic pressure forces materials from the blood to the tissues
  • oxygen and nutrients exit the blood
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26
Q

what is pressure like at the venous end of a capillary?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure < oncotic/blood osmotic pressure
  • materials move from tissues into blood
  • waste is removed from tissues
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27
Q

what are the adaptations of veins?

A
  • wide lumen to accommodate large volume of blood
  • endothelium lining to reduce friction
  • valves to prevent the backflow of blood
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28
Q

differences between veins and venules

A
  • venules have no elastin fibres or smooth muscle
  • several venules split from one vein
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29
Q

what is the composition of blood?

A

plasma (55%)
- hormones, waste, electrolytes
- proteins to maintain osmotic potential
erythrocytes (45%)
- transport oxygen via haemoglobin
buffy coat (>1%)
- white blood cells and platelets

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30
Q

where is tissue fluid found?

A

around cells

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31
Q

what is tissue fluid made from?

A
  • substances that leak out of capillaries
  • oxygen and waste
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32
Q

what is the effect of plasma proteins on oncotic pressure?

A

increases oncotic pressure and causes water to move into the blood vessels by osmosis

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33
Q

what is the role of the lymphatic system?

A
  • aid immune response
  • lipid transport
  • maintaining blood pressure
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34
Q

how is lymph formed?

A
  • large molecules that cant reenter capillaries enter the lymphatic system
  • moves along larger vessels by muscle contractions and valves to prevent backflow
  • returns to the blood where the subclavian veins meet the jugular veins
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35
Q

what are the lymph nodes?

A
  • filter lymph
  • produce antibodies to fight infection
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36
Q

what is the pericardium and what does it do?

A
  • inelastic double walled sac
  • created a closed chamber with subatmospheric pressure that aids atrial filling
  • shields heart from friction
  • barrier against infection
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37
Q

why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right?

A
  • must pump further and overcome resistance of aorta and arterial systems of the whole body
  • right only has to pump to lungs and overcome resistance of the pulmonary system
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38
Q

what is meant by cardiac muscles being myogenic?

A

involuntarily contracts

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39
Q

why do cardiac cells have more mitochondria?

A

more reliant on aerobic respiration

40
Q

what are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • atrial sytole
  • ventricular systole
  • diastole
41
Q

what happens in atrial systole?

A
  • atria contracts
  • ventricles relax
  • blood moves from atria to ventricles
  • atrioventricular valves open
  • semilunar valves close
42
Q

what happens in ventricular systole?

A
  • atria relax
  • ventricles contract
  • blood moves from ventricles to body
  • atrioventricular valves close
  • semilunar valves open
43
Q

what happens in diastole?

A
  • all chambers relax
  • blood returns to atria
  • atrioventricular valves open
  • semilunar valves close
44
Q

what do valves do and how do they function?

A
  • prevent the backflow of blood
  • chordae tendinae prevent inverting
  • high pressure infront closes them
  • high pressure behind opens them
45
Q

what is cooperative binding?

A

once one oxygen has associated, the structure of the haemoglobin changes making it easier for the rest to bind

46
Q

what is the product of oxygen + haemoglobin?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

47
Q

what are the three ways carbon dioxide can travel?

A
  • diffusion directly into the blood plasma
  • bind to haemoglobin
  • move as hydrogen carbonate ions
48
Q

how are hydrogen carbonate ions formed?

A
  • carbon dioxide diffuses into the plasma and binds with water to form carbonic acid
  • carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells causes it to become hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions
49
Q

how does haemoglobin act as a buffer in CO2 transport?

A

when carbonic anhydrase catalyses the formation of HCO3 and H+, haemoglobin binds to the H+ so the pH isn’t altered and the carbon dioxide can be carried as HCO3

50
Q

what is the chloride shift?

A
  • when hydrogen carbonate ions leave the red blood cells, chloride ions must enter to prevent an electrical imbalance
  • prevents erythrocytes from becoming positively charged
51
Q

what is partial pressure?

A
  • pressure exerted by oxygen within a mixture of gases
  • a measure of oxygen concentration
52
Q

what is meant by affinity for oxygen?

A

ease at which haemoglobin binds and dissociates from oxygen

53
Q

what is a high affinity?

A

when oxygen binds easily and dissociates slowly

54
Q

what is a low affinity?

A
  • binds slowly
  • dissociates easily
55
Q

how is foetal haemoglobin different from adult and why?

A

has a higher oxygen affinity to allow binding while mothers haemoglobin is dissociating

56
Q

why is a higher affinity essential for fetal survival?

A
  • fetus gains oxygen from the mother across the placenta
  • partial pressure of oxygen in the placenta is low
  • while maternal haemoglobin is unloading fetal must be able to load
57
Q

why is the oxygen dissociation graph a curve?

A

cooperative binding

58
Q

why does myoglobin have a diferent curve?

A

one haem group so can only bind to one oxygen molecule so has a higher affinity

59
Q

what is the bohr effect?

A

when partial pressure of carbon dioxide is high, haemoglobins affinity for oxygen decreases because CO2 lowers pH of the blood

60
Q

why is the bohr effect important during exercise?

A
  • more carbon dioxide so curve moves right
  • at the same partial pressure of oxygen there is a lower % saturation of oxygen
  • oxygen dissociates from Hb more readily
  • oxygen used for aerobic respiration
61
Q

what is the SAN?

A

sino-atrial node located in the upper wall of the right atrium

62
Q

what is the AVN?

A

atrioventricular node connected to the Bundle of His

63
Q

average bpm of pacemaker cells?

A

60/70bpm

64
Q

why does the SAN not affect the ventricles?

A

layer of non conductive tissue stops the wave of depolarisation

65
Q

why is there a delay at the AVN?

A

allows atria to empty and ventricles to fill

66
Q

where does the contraction of the ventricles start and why?

A

at the apex to push blood up and out of the heart

67
Q

what is the refractory period and why does it exist?

A

a period of insensitivity to stimulation to allow the heart to passively refill

68
Q

describe atrial systole in the cardiac cycle

A
  • SAN in the upper left wall of the right atrium sends a wave of depolarisation
  • causes the cardiac muscle in the atrial walls to conract
  • blood flows into the ventricles
69
Q

describe ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle

A
  • AVN picks up impulse and imposes a slight delay
  • it sends its own wave of depolarisation down the Bundle of His and into the Purkyne fibres
  • ventricle walls contract simultaneously at the apex
70
Q

describe one cardiac cycle on an ecg

A
  • p-wave
  • PR interval
  • QRS complex
  • ST segment
  • T-wave
71
Q

what is a P-wave?

A

depolarisation of the atria in response to signalling from the SAN

72
Q

what is the QRS complex?

A

depolarisation of the left ventricle triggered by AVN signalling

73
Q

what is a T-wave

A

repolarisation of the ventricles

74
Q

what are the PR interval and ST segment?

A

time for refilling before and after contractions

75
Q

what does atrial fibrillation look like?

A
  • irregular and rapid heart rate
  • T and P wave are repeated multiple times before a QRS complex and there is no pause for refilling
76
Q

what does ventricular fibrillation look like

A
  • irregular ventricle contractions
  • no t or p waves or refilling
77
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output?

A

stroke volume x bpm

78
Q

what process creates pressure inside the heart chambers?

A

isometric contractions

79
Q

what is pressure like in:
- aorta
- tissue fluid
- lymph
- plasma

A

high
low
low
low

80
Q

what is one advantage and disadvantage to erythrocytes lacking membrane bounds organelles?

A
  • more room for haemoglobin which binds to oxygen
  • wont survive long as they cant reproduce or repair themselves
81
Q

why dont erythrocytes make use of the oxygen?

A
  • no mitochondria so doesnt carry out aerobic respiration
  • haemoglobin reversibly binds to the oxygen
82
Q

why is oxygen not released until blood reaches capillaries?

A

arteries have thick walls so diffusion distance is too large

83
Q

why does blood offload more oxygen to actively respiring tissues than resting tissues?

A
  • higher carbon dioxide concentration in actively respiring tissues
  • due to the bohr effect, haemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen
84
Q

what are the adaptations of erythrocytes?

A
  • biconcave to increase surface area to volume ratio
  • no nucleus to make room for more haemoglobin
  • flexible to fit through capillaries
85
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

force exerted by the fluid on the of the vessel

86
Q

what is oncotic pressure?

A

force exerted by the proteins in the fluid

87
Q

what are the layers of the artery walls from outside to inside

A
  • tunica adventitia
  • tunica media
  • connective tissue (collagen+elastin)
  • endothelium of tunica intima
88
Q

what are three differences between blood and tissue fluid?

A
  • blood has higher rbc count
  • tissue fluid is lower pressure
  • blood has higher O2 conc
89
Q

suggest why blood and faeces have the highest concentrations of C-reactive protein and copeptin

A
  • liver has a good blood supply
  • substances released into bile
90
Q

compare and contrast the circulatory systems of mammals and fish

A

similarities
- both have a closed system
- both have blood that flows in veins, capillaries and arteries
- both have a heart
differences
- single vs double system
- 2 chambers vs 4 chambers and a septum
- fish have a less effective system as they are cold blooded and metabolic demands are lower than mammals

91
Q

suggest a mechanism by which carbon dioxide could reduce the affinity for oxygen of
haemocyanin

A
  • carbon dioxide binds to water and forms carbonic acid
  • dissociates into HCO3- and H+
  • haemocyanin can act as a buffer for pH
92
Q

explain why the visible blood vessels are likely to be veins

A
  • larger lumen as carries mroe blood
  • have thin walls so can bulge
  • found closer to the surface of the skin
93
Q

suggest why anabolic steroids are effective when applied to the surface of the skin

A

steroids are lipid soluble so diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of skin cells into veins as they are closer to skin and provide a shorter diffusion pthway

94
Q

suggest why reduced heart rate is sometimes seen in people who are very aerobically
fit

A

increased stroke volume due to increased thickness of cardiac muscle

95
Q

explain why the oncotic pressure of the blood depends only on the concentration of
large plasma proteins

A
  • large plasma proteins cannot pass through capillary but other solutes can
  • imbalance of large plasma proteins between blood and tissue fluid results in oncotic pressure

exchange and transport (3 decks)

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