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exchange and transport > exchange surfaces > Flashcards

exchange surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of a good exchange surface?

A

large surface area
- more molecules diffuse at once
short diffusion distance
- efficient exchange
rich blood supply
- higher concentration gradient
ventilation
- maintain a concentration gradient

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2
Q

what is cartilage?

A
  • rings around trachea
  • support but also allows it to move and flex as we breathe
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3
Q

what is ciliated epithelium?

A
  • tall cells with hair-like structures
  • waft mucus, dust and bacteria away from lungs
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4
Q

what are goblet cells?

A
  • scattered in ciliated epithelium
  • secrete mucus
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5
Q

what is the squamous epithelium?

A
  • lines alveoli walls
  • flattened
  • very thin for shortened diffusion distance hence faster diffusion rate
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6
Q

what is smooth muscle?

A
  • lines bronchi and bronchioles
  • regulates airflow by dilating and relaxing
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7
Q

what is the trachea?

A
  • funnels air
  • strong and flexible to prevent collapse
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8
Q

what are bronchi?

A
  • where the trachea splits
  • cartilage and smooth muscle
  • ciliated and goblet cells
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9
Q

what are bronchioles?

A
  • where the bronchi splits
  • elastic fibres for stretch and recoil
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10
Q

what are alveoli?

A
  • gas exchange
  • SA:V ratio
  • capillaries for blood flow
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11
Q

how are alveoli are adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A
  • large numbers to increase surface area
  • elastic fibres to stretch ad recoil and increase surface area
  • increasing surface area allows more molecules to pass through (higher diffusion rate)
  • thin walls that are 1 cell thick to reduce diffusion distance
  • well ventilated and a good blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient
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12
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A
  • external intercostal muscles cotract to elevate ribs
  • diaphragm moves down and contracts
  • air pressure in the lungs decreases
  • air moves in
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13
Q

what happens during expiration?

A
  • internal intercostal muscles contract
  • diaphragm relaxes and moves up
  • air pressure in the lungs increases
  • air moves out of lungs
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14
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

max vol out after max vol in

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15
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

resting breathing rate

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16
Q

what is inspiratory reverse volume?

A
  • maximum air in
17
Q

what is expiratory reverse volume?

A

maximum air out

18
Q

what is residual volume?

A

volume of air left in lungs after you breathe out completely

19
Q

what is the equation for total capacity?

A

residual + vital

20
Q

what is the equation for ventilation rate?

A

breathing rate x tidal volume

21
Q

what is the spiracle?

A

opening in the exoskeleton of an insect that allows air to enter and closes when inactive or low oxygen demands

22
Q

what are the tracheae?

A

airways lined with chitin spirals to stay open under pressure

23
Q

what are the tracheoles?

A

site of gas exchange

24
Q

what is the fluid involved in gas exchange in insects?

A

tracheal fluid

25
Q

why is a counter current system necessary in fish?

A

maintains a concentration gradient of oxygen

26
Q

ventilation mechanism in fish

A
  • mouth opens and buccal floor lowers
  • volume increases so pressure decreases
  • water flows in and mouth closes
  • water is pushed into the gill cavity
  • operculum is forced open and water exits the fish
27
Q

describe how you would carry out the dissection to display maximum detail of gas exchange
system in fish and in insects

A

fish
- remove operculum
- place underwater and place a pencil in buccal cavity to inspect lamellae
insect
- cut open exoskeleton
- stain tracheoles with methylene blue

28
Q

what is the function of lamellae?

A

increase surface area to volume ratio for efficient diffusion of gases like oxygen or carbon dioxide

29
Q

how does the insect transport system and fish gills provide a large SA:V ratio?

A
  • many branched tracheae
  • many lamellae
30
Q

compare normal expiration to forced expiration.

A

normal
- passive
- diaphragm relaxes and moves up
- volume of lungs decreases and pressure increases
- atmospheric pressure is lower so air moves out of the lungs

forced
- active (requires energy)
- contraction of abdominal so diaphragm is forced up
- ribs are forced down hard

31
Q

suggest why smaller insects do not need such well-developed exchange surfaces and transport systems

A
  • larger sa:v ratio
  • smaller diffusion distance
  • can keep up with insect’s metabolic demands
  • dont have a hard exoskeleton so o2 can diffuse through skin
32
Q

how is the trachea of a mammal different to the tracheae of an insect?

A
  • mammals have one trachea and insects have multiple
  • mammals trachea have a larger diameter than insects
  • mammals have cartilage rings whereas insects have chitin
  • mammals branch into bronchioles whereas insects branch into tracheoles
33
Q

why do goblet cells need mitochondria and lots of golgi apparatus?

A
  • production of lots of ATP
  • golgi moifiesand packages proteins to be transported out of the cell by exocytosis
34
Q

for each structure of the mammalian exchange system, explain how it increases the efficiency of gaseous exchange

A

nasal cavity
- large surface area and good blood supply to warm the air
- goblet cells secrete mucus to trap dust and bacteria
trachea
- cartilage rings to prevent collapse
- cilliated epithelium and goblet cells secrete mucus, trap dust and waft them to the stomach
- smooth muscle allows air to move in and out to maintain high conc gradient
alveoli
- thin epithelial walls that decrease diffusion distance
- elastic fibres that recoil to move air out during exhalation
- large number to increase surface area and increase rate of diffusion
- good blood supply to maintain high concentration gradient

35
Q

how would allergens causing the smooth muscle to contract affect ventilation?

A
  • reduces diameter of bronchi
  • less air can be exhaled
36
Q

compare the circulations of a frog and a mammal and the relative effectiveness of each type of circulation

A
  • both have double systems
  • both have 2 atria but frogs only have 1 ventricle
  • in mammals the oxygenated and deoxygenated never mix which allows for more efficient gas exchange due to the high oxygen concentration
  • this means mammalian systems are highly effective
  • in frogs the blood isnt fully separated so lower rate of gas exchange
  • less effective than mammals but effective enough to meet the metabolic demands of the frog

exchange and transport (3 decks)

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