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Combined Sciences > Transport and Cells {Biology} > Flashcards

Transport and Cells {Biology} Flashcards

1
Q

What are the insides of a cell called?

A

Sub cellular structures

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2
Q

What two things does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not have?

A

Mitochondria and cell wall

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3
Q

What is a cell with a nucleus called?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What is a cell with no nucleus called?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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5
Q

What stores bacteria DNA?

A

Plasmids

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6
Q

What is another word for sub-cellular structures?

A

Organelles

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7
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs - releases energy

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8
Q

What is: where aerobic respiration occurs - releases energy

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

What is: Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls activities of the cell

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

What is the nucleus ?

A

Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls activities of the cell

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11
Q

What is: keeps the cell rigid (support) and stores sap?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

keeps the cell rigid (support) and stores sap

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13
Q

What is: where proteins are made in protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

What are the ribosomes?

A

where proteins are made in protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is: controls what goes in and out of the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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16
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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17
Q

What is: where chemical reactions take place?

A

Vacuole

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18
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

where chemical reactions take place

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19
Q

What is: contains Chlorophyll to absorb sunlight where photosynthesis happens?

A

Chloroplasts

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20
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

contains Chlorophyll to absorb sunlight where photosynthesis happens

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21
Q

What is: made of cellulose for support and to stop the cell bursting?

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

made of cellulose for support and to stop the cell bursting

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23
Q

Give an example of three specialised cells

A 
Sperm cells
Root cells
Ciliated epithelial cells
Nerve cells
Muscle cells
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24
Q

What makes a specialised cell specialised?

A

They have special features that allow them to do a particular job

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25
Q

List the five scientific units of measurement from largest to smallest

A 
Kilo-
Milli-
Micro-
Nano-
Pico-
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26
Q

What do we times cm by to get mm

A

10

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27
Q

What do we times Mm by to get {Greek}um

A

1000

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28
Q

What do we times {Greek}um by to get nm

A

1000

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29
Q

What do we times nm by to get pm

A

1000

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30
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair like structures rear beat back and forth to move the fertilised egg cell to the womb

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31
Q

What do ciliates epithelial cells contain which are special to the cell?

A

Cilia

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32
Q

Why do enzymes do?

A

Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction without being used up (catalyse reaction)

33
Q

What type of catalyst are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

34
Q

What two types of reaction do enzymes speed up?

A

Breakdown and synthesis reactions

35
Q

What do enzyme breakdown reactions include?

A

Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

36
Q

What do enzyme synthesis reactions include?

A

Protein synthesis

37
Q

Why enzymes break down starch, why does it break it down into and where in the body does this take place?

A

Carbohydrase enzymes and amylase enzymes break down starch into sugar in the mouth

38
Q

Name one type of protease enzyme

A

Pepsin

39
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins and what does it break them down into?

A

Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids

40
Q

What enzyme breaks down fats and what two things does it break them down into?

A

Lipase enzymes break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

41
Q

Why are five steps to carry out an experiment to measure calories?

A

1) measure start temperature
2) measure mass of food
3) hold burning food under test tube
4) measure end temperature of water
5) calculate rise of temperature

42
Q

What are enzymes made out of?

A

Protein chains called peptides in the ribosomes of cells

43
Q

Why is the active site?

A

Where the substrate bonds with the enzyme

44
Q

What is the average body temperature in humans

A

36* - 37*

45
Q

What happens when enzymes get above optimum temperature?

A

When enzymes get above their optimum temperature they behind denaturing, which slows the reaction

46
Q

Why do enzymes denature?

A

Because they vibrate so hard they begin to unbond

47
Q

What do you use to measure calories?

A

Calorimetry

48
Q

What type of catalyst are enzymes?

A

Biological catalyst

49
Q

What do enzymes break down?

A

Substrates

50
Q

What is the enzyme called when it’s bonded with the substrate?

A

An enzyme substrate complex

51
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where the substrate sits in the enzyme forming the enzyme substrate complex

52
Q

What is where the substrate sits in the enzyme forming the enzyme substrate complex called?

A

The active site

53
Q

What happens to the special shape of the enzyme when temperature increases?

A

The special shape of the enzyme changes

54
Q

What do biological detergents have added to them?

A

Biological enzymes

55
Q

What is it called when the enzymes active site looses its shape?

A

Denaturing

56
Q

What are three features of bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic cell
DNA is free in the cytoplasm {Plasmid DNA
Often has flagella
Has bacterial DNA {chromosomal DNA} and Plasmid DNA
Has a cell wall

57
Q

What can a cell wall prevent from happening to a plant cell?

A

Bursting from Turgidness

58
Q

Why can a plant cell not burst from turgidity when an animal cell can?

A

Because plant cells have cell walls and animal cells do not, and cell walls prevent bursting from Turgidness

59
Q

What are two advantages of using an electron microscope?

A

You can see cellular structures {organelles

It has a higher resolution

60
Q

What is diffusion?

A

When a substance travels from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

61
Q

Give an example of diffusion

A

Diffusion across alveoli

62
Q

Diffusion across alveoli

What is this? Where does it happen? Why does it happen? What is moving?

A

Carbon Dioxide traveling from a high concentration in the blood stream to the low concentration in the alveoli and oxygen traveling from a high concentration in the alveoli to a low concentration in the blood stream. This is diffusion, it happens to oxygenate blood cells.

63
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential, down the water potential gradient, across a partially permeable membrame {it is a passive process

64
Q

What type of process is Osmosis?

A

A passive process

65
Q

What does it mean if something is a passive process?

A

No energy goes into the process {the energy is already there

66
Q

What does permeable mean?

A

Permeable = allowing liquids or gases to pass through it

67
Q

If you’ve got 0% sucrose in a solution, how much water do you have?

A

100%

68
Q

If you’ve got 0% water in a solution, how much sucrose do you have?

A

100%

69
Q

In Osmosis, when molecules are moving from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential, are they moving up or down the water potential gradient?

A

down the water potential gradient

70
Q

What does the speed of Osmosis rely on?

A

The speed of Osmosis depends on the concentration of the sucrose solution

71
Q

When does a cell become turgid?

A

The movement of water into the cell makes the cell gain mass and become turgid {swollen}

72
Q

What does it mean for a cell to become turgid?

A

It will become swollen

73
Q

How do cell walls prevent Turgidity?

A

The inward pressure of the wall will not allow the animal cell to absorb any more water

74
Q

When does a cell become plasmolysed?

A

The movement of the water moving down the water concentration gradient {leaving the cell} causes the cell to become plasmolysed {contracted

75
Q

What is the fancy science word for when a cell contracts?

A

It becomes plasmolysed

76
Q

What is active transport? What does it require?

A

Molecules moving from a low concentration to a high concentration. It requires energy.

77
Q

Why type of process is active transport NOT?

A

Passive

78
Q

What is an example of Osmosis?

A

Water moving from the soil into a plant root

79
Q

What does the trident like symbol mean in Osmosis?

\ | /
|

A

Water potential

Combined Sciences (4 decks)

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