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Combined Sciences > Transport and Cells {Biology} > Flashcards

Transport and Cells {Biology} Flashcards

1
Q

What are the insides of a cell called?

A

Sub cellular structures

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2
Q

What two things does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not have?

A

Mitochondria and cell wall

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3
Q

What is a cell with a nucleus called?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What is a cell with no nucleus called?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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5
Q

What stores bacteria DNA?

A

Plasmids

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6
Q

What is another word for sub-cellular structures?

A

Organelles

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7
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs - releases energy

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8
Q

What is: where aerobic respiration occurs - releases energy

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

What is: Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls activities of the cell

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

What is the nucleus ?

A

Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls activities of the cell

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11
Q

What is: keeps the cell rigid (support) and stores sap?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

keeps the cell rigid (support) and stores sap

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13
Q

What is: where proteins are made in protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

What are the ribosomes?

A

where proteins are made in protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is: controls what goes in and out of the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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16
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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17
Q

What is: where chemical reactions take place?

A

Vacuole

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18
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

where chemical reactions take place

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19
Q

What is: contains Chlorophyll to absorb sunlight where photosynthesis happens?

A

Chloroplasts

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20
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

contains Chlorophyll to absorb sunlight where photosynthesis happens

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21
Q

What is: made of cellulose for support and to stop the cell bursting?

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

made of cellulose for support and to stop the cell bursting

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23
Q

Give an example of three specialised cells

A 
Sperm cells
Root cells
Ciliated epithelial cells
Nerve cells
Muscle cells
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24
Q

What makes a specialised cell specialised?

A

They have special features that allow them to do a particular job

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25
List the five scientific units of measurement from largest to smallest
``` Kilo- Milli- Micro- Nano- Pico- ```
26
What do we times cm by to get mm
10
27
What do we times Mm by to get {Greek}um
1000
28
What do we times {Greek}um by to get nm
1000
29
What do we times nm by to get pm
1000
30
What are cilia?
Hair like structures rear beat back and forth to move the fertilised egg cell to the womb
31
What do ciliates epithelial cells contain which are special to the cell?
Cilia
32
Why do enzymes do?
Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction without being used up (catalyse reaction)
33
What type of catalyst are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
34
What two types of reaction do enzymes speed up?
Breakdown and synthesis reactions
35
What do enzyme breakdown reactions include?
Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
36
What do enzyme synthesis reactions include?
Protein synthesis
37
Why enzymes break down starch, why does it break it down into and where in the body does this take place?
Carbohydrase enzymes and amylase enzymes break down starch into sugar in the mouth
38
Name one type of protease enzyme
Pepsin
39
What enzyme breaks down proteins and what does it break them down into?
Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids
40
What enzyme breaks down fats and what two things does it break them down into?
Lipase enzymes break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
41
Why are five steps to carry out an experiment to measure calories?
1) measure start temperature 2) measure mass of food 3) hold burning food under test tube 4) measure end temperature of water 5) calculate rise of temperature
42
What are enzymes made out of?
Protein chains called peptides in the ribosomes of cells
43
Why is the active site?
Where the substrate bonds with the enzyme
44
What is the average body temperature in humans
36* - 37*
45
What happens when enzymes get above optimum temperature?
When enzymes get above their optimum temperature they behind denaturing, which slows the reaction
46
Why do enzymes denature?
Because they vibrate so hard they begin to unbond
47
What do you use to measure calories?
Calorimetry
48
What type of catalyst are enzymes?
Biological catalyst
49
What do enzymes break down?
Substrates
50
What is the enzyme called when it's bonded with the substrate?
An enzyme substrate complex
51
What is the active site?
Where the substrate sits in the enzyme forming the enzyme substrate complex
52
What is where the substrate sits in the enzyme forming the enzyme substrate complex called?
The active site
53
What happens to the special shape of the enzyme when temperature increases?
The special shape of the enzyme changes
54
What do biological detergents have added to them?
Biological enzymes
55
What is it called when the enzymes active site looses its shape?
Denaturing
56
What are three features of bacteria?
Prokaryotic cell DNA is free in the cytoplasm {Plasmid DNA Often has flagella Has bacterial DNA {chromosomal DNA} and Plasmid DNA Has a cell wall
57
What can a cell wall prevent from happening to a plant cell?
Bursting from Turgidness
58
Why can a plant cell not burst from turgidity when an animal cell can?
Because plant cells have cell walls and animal cells do not, and cell walls prevent bursting from Turgidness
59
What are two advantages of using an electron microscope?
You can see cellular structures {organelles | It has a higher resolution
60
What is diffusion?
When a substance travels from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
61
Give an example of diffusion
Diffusion across alveoli
62
Diffusion across alveoli | What is this? Where does it happen? Why does it happen? What is moving?
Carbon Dioxide traveling from a high concentration in the blood stream to the low concentration in the alveoli and oxygen traveling from a high concentration in the alveoli to a low concentration in the blood stream. This is diffusion, it happens to oxygenate blood cells.
63
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential, down the water potential gradient, across a partially permeable membrame {it is a passive process
64
What type of process is Osmosis?
A passive process
65
What does it mean if something is a passive process?
No energy goes into the process {the energy is already there
66
What does permeable mean?
Permeable = allowing liquids or gases to pass through it
67
If you've got 0% sucrose in a solution, how much water do you have?
100%
68
If you've got 0% water in a solution, how much sucrose do you have?
100%
69
In Osmosis, when molecules are moving from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential, are they moving up or down the water potential gradient?
down the water potential gradient
70
What does the speed of Osmosis rely on?
The speed of Osmosis depends on the concentration of the sucrose solution
71
When does a cell become turgid?
The movement of water into the cell makes the cell gain mass and become turgid {swollen}
72
What does it mean for a cell to become turgid?
It will become swollen
73
How do cell walls prevent Turgidity?
The inward pressure of the wall will not allow the animal cell to absorb any more water
74
When does a cell become plasmolysed?
The movement of the water moving down the water concentration gradient {leaving the cell} causes the cell to become plasmolysed {contracted
75
What is the fancy science word for when a cell contracts?
It becomes plasmolysed
76
What is active transport? What does it require?
Molecules moving from a low concentration to a high concentration. It requires energy.
77
Why type of process is active transport NOT?
Passive
78
What is an example of Osmosis?
Water moving from the soil into a plant root
79
What does the trident like symbol mean in Osmosis? \ | / |
Water potential

Combined Sciences (4 decks)

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