Transport and Cells {Biology} Flashcards
What are the insides of a cell called?
Sub cellular structures
What two things does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not have?
Mitochondria and cell wall
What is a cell with a nucleus called?
Eukaryotic cells
What is a cell with no nucleus called?
Prokaryotic cell
What stores bacteria DNA?
Plasmids
What is another word for sub-cellular structures?
Organelles
What is the function of a mitochondria?
Where aerobic respiration occurs - releases energy
What is: where aerobic respiration occurs - releases energy
Mitochondria
What is: Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls activities of the cell
Nucleus
What is the nucleus ?
Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls activities of the cell
What is: keeps the cell rigid (support) and stores sap?
Cytoplasm
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
keeps the cell rigid (support) and stores sap
What is: where proteins are made in protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
What are the ribosomes?
where proteins are made in protein synthesis
What is: controls what goes in and out of the cell?
Cell membrane
What is the function of the cell membrane?
controls what goes in and out of the cell
What is: where chemical reactions take place?
Vacuole
What is the vacuole?
where chemical reactions take place
What is: contains Chlorophyll to absorb sunlight where photosynthesis happens?
Chloroplasts
What is the chloroplast?
contains Chlorophyll to absorb sunlight where photosynthesis happens
What is: made of cellulose for support and to stop the cell bursting?
Cell wall
What is the cell wall?
made of cellulose for support and to stop the cell bursting
Give an example of three specialised cells
Sperm cells Root cells Ciliated epithelial cells Nerve cells Muscle cells
What makes a specialised cell specialised?
They have special features that allow them to do a particular job
List the five scientific units of measurement from largest to smallest
Kilo- Milli- Micro- Nano- Pico-
What do we times cm by to get mm
10
What do we times Mm by to get {Greek}um
1000
What do we times {Greek}um by to get nm
1000
What do we times nm by to get pm
1000
What are cilia?
Hair like structures rear beat back and forth to move the fertilised egg cell to the womb
What do ciliates epithelial cells contain which are special to the cell?
Cilia
Why do enzymes do?
Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction without being used up (catalyse reaction)
What type of catalyst are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
What two types of reaction do enzymes speed up?
Breakdown and synthesis reactions
What do enzyme breakdown reactions include?
Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
What do enzyme synthesis reactions include?
Protein synthesis
Why enzymes break down starch, why does it break it down into and where in the body does this take place?
Carbohydrase enzymes and amylase enzymes break down starch into sugar in the mouth
Name one type of protease enzyme
Pepsin
What enzyme breaks down proteins and what does it break them down into?
Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids
What enzyme breaks down fats and what two things does it break them down into?
Lipase enzymes break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Why are five steps to carry out an experiment to measure calories?
1) measure start temperature
2) measure mass of food
3) hold burning food under test tube
4) measure end temperature of water
5) calculate rise of temperature
What are enzymes made out of?
Protein chains called peptides in the ribosomes of cells
Why is the active site?
Where the substrate bonds with the enzyme
What is the average body temperature in humans
36* - 37*
What happens when enzymes get above optimum temperature?
When enzymes get above their optimum temperature they behind denaturing, which slows the reaction
Why do enzymes denature?
Because they vibrate so hard they begin to unbond
What do you use to measure calories?
Calorimetry
What type of catalyst are enzymes?
Biological catalyst
What do enzymes break down?
Substrates
What is the enzyme called when it’s bonded with the substrate?
An enzyme substrate complex
What is the active site?
Where the substrate sits in the enzyme forming the enzyme substrate complex
What is where the substrate sits in the enzyme forming the enzyme substrate complex called?
The active site
What happens to the special shape of the enzyme when temperature increases?
The special shape of the enzyme changes
What do biological detergents have added to them?
Biological enzymes
What is it called when the enzymes active site looses its shape?
Denaturing
What are three features of bacteria?
Prokaryotic cell
DNA is free in the cytoplasm {Plasmid DNA
Often has flagella
Has bacterial DNA {chromosomal DNA} and Plasmid DNA
Has a cell wall
What can a cell wall prevent from happening to a plant cell?
Bursting from Turgidness
Why can a plant cell not burst from turgidity when an animal cell can?
Because plant cells have cell walls and animal cells do not, and cell walls prevent bursting from Turgidness
What are two advantages of using an electron microscope?
You can see cellular structures {organelles
It has a higher resolution
What is diffusion?
When a substance travels from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Give an example of diffusion
Diffusion across alveoli
Diffusion across alveoli
What is this? Where does it happen? Why does it happen? What is moving?
Carbon Dioxide traveling from a high concentration in the blood stream to the low concentration in the alveoli and oxygen traveling from a high concentration in the alveoli to a low concentration in the blood stream. This is diffusion, it happens to oxygenate blood cells.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential, down the water potential gradient, across a partially permeable membrame {it is a passive process
What type of process is Osmosis?
A passive process
What does it mean if something is a passive process?
No energy goes into the process {the energy is already there
What does permeable mean?
Permeable = allowing liquids or gases to pass through it
If you’ve got 0% sucrose in a solution, how much water do you have?
100%
If you’ve got 0% water in a solution, how much sucrose do you have?
100%
In Osmosis, when molecules are moving from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential, are they moving up or down the water potential gradient?
down the water potential gradient
What does the speed of Osmosis rely on?
The speed of Osmosis depends on the concentration of the sucrose solution
When does a cell become turgid?
The movement of water into the cell makes the cell gain mass and become turgid {swollen}
What does it mean for a cell to become turgid?
It will become swollen
How do cell walls prevent Turgidity?
The inward pressure of the wall will not allow the animal cell to absorb any more water
When does a cell become plasmolysed?
The movement of the water moving down the water concentration gradient {leaving the cell} causes the cell to become plasmolysed {contracted
What is the fancy science word for when a cell contracts?
It becomes plasmolysed
What is active transport? What does it require?
Molecules moving from a low concentration to a high concentration. It requires energy.
Why type of process is active transport NOT?
Passive
What is an example of Osmosis?
Water moving from the soil into a plant root
What does the trident like symbol mean in Osmosis?
\ | /
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Water potential
