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MBIO 1010 > Transport across the cytoplasmic membrane > Flashcards

Transport across the cytoplasmic membrane Flashcards

1
Q

what is passive diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration without the use of energy

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2
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

when molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration through a permease without the use of energy

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3
Q

what examples of molecules can move by passive diffusion

A

O2, H2O,CO2

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4
Q

What is the saturation effect observed in carrier-mediated transport systems?

A

Carrier-mediated transport systems have an increase in rate of uptake until fully saturated

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5
Q

describe the three classes of membrane transporters

A

Uniporters: transport molecules in one way.
Antiporter: transport molecules simultaneously in two different directions.
Symporter: transport molecules simultaneously in the same direction.

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6
Q

what is an example of a symporter

A

Lac permease in E. coli.(Lacotse and H+ into the cell)

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7
Q

what is an example of antiporter

A

Sodium-calcium exchanger

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8
Q

what are the three main classes of transport in prokaryotes?

A

Simple transport(proton motive force)
ABC system
Group translocation

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9
Q

Explain the active transport

A

this is the process of moving molecules against their concentration gradient

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10
Q

what does ABC stand for?

A

ATP Binding Cassette

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11
Q

what type of substrate specificity does ABC have

A

high substrate specificity

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12
Q

Examples of molecules that are moved in the ABC system

A

sugar. amino acids

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13
Q

what are the components of the ABC system

A

periplasmic binding protein (sugar or solute binding protein)
integral binding protein (permeases binding protein)
ABC protein that provides ATPase function

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14
Q

gram positives employ what type of substrate binding proteins

A

lipoproteins

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15
Q

ATP binding cassette is located where for a gram negative bacteria

A

in the periplasm

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16
Q

ATP binding cassette is located where for a gram positive bacteria

A

in the cell membrane

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17
Q

briefly explain the ATP binding cassette

A

a solute diffuses into the periplasm and binds to a solute binding protein. the solute then binds to the integral membrane protein. ABC protein hydrolyses ATP to ADP before the solute is translocated to the cytoplasm.

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18
Q

what does the hydrolysis of ATP provide

A

energy for the translocation of the solute

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19
Q

what is group translocation

A

a molecule is chemically altered as they cross the membrane

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20
Q

what is the PTS

A

phosphotransferase system

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21
Q

PTS uses what as an energy source

A

PEP (phospho-enol-pyruvate.)

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22
Q

what are the common components of the PTS and where are they located

A

enzyme i(cytosolic)
HPr(cytosolic)

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23
Q

what are the specific components of the PTS

A

enzyme iia(cytosolic)
enzyme iiib(cytosolic or membrane)
enzyme iiic(membrane)

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24
Q

briefly explain the PTS

A

PEP donates its phosphate group to enzyme i to become EI-P which then donates the phosphate group to HPr which then becomes HPr-P then donates its phosphate group to EIIA to become EIIA-P then to EIIB to become EIIB-P then finally to glucose which becomes glucose-6-phosphate

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25
Q

what is the purpose of phosphorylation

A

to prevent it from diffusing out of the cell

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26
Q

what is the function of the cell wall in a bacteria cell

A

to prevent osmosis lysis
to prevent toxic substances
helps to evade host immune system

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27
Q

what are the two layers in a gram negative bacteria cell wall

A

lipopolysaccharide
peptidoglycan

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28
Q

what are the components of peptidoglycan

A

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic
Amino groups
lysine or diaminopimelic acid(DAP)
form glycan tetrapeptide

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29
Q

the glycan backbone is made up of

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic

30
Q

how are the two sugars that make up the glycan backbone linked together

A

beta(1,4) glycosidic linkages

31
Q

what consists of the tetrapeptide side chain

A

l-alanine
D-glutamic acid
DAP or l-lysine
D-alanine

32
Q

teichoic acids are common to what type of bacteria

A

gram positive

33
Q

what are the components of teichoic acids

A

glycerol phosphate or ribitol
D-alanine
D-glucose

34
Q

crosslinks in the peptidoglycan are formed by

A

peptide bonds

35
Q

what is the purpose of the helical arrangement

A

for 3-D crosslinking

36
Q

thermoplasma are species of what prokaryotes

A

archaea

37
Q

what are lipoteichoic acids

A

teichoic acids connected to membrane lipids

38
Q

list the names of inclusion bodies

A

carbon storage polymers
sulfur globules
polyphosphate
magnetosomes

39
Q

what are the examples of carbon storage polymers

A

glycogen
poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid

40
Q

PHB and glycogen are what type of storages respectively

A

lipid storage
glucose polymer

41
Q

magnetosomes have what as their intracellular granules

A

Fe3O4
Fe3S4

42
Q

the ability of bacteria to rotate round the earth’s magnetic field

A

magnetotaxis

43
Q

endospores are only produced by what type of bacteria

A

gram positive

44
Q

what are the protective features of the endospore

A

the layers and core

45
Q

what consists of the layers in an endospore

A

spore coat and cortex

46
Q

what is the name of the acid found in the core of an endospore

A

ca-dipicolinic acid and SAPs

47
Q

monotrichous

A

single flagellum

48
Q

amphitrichous

A

opposite sides of flagellume

49
Q

lopotrichous

A

multiple around a single tut

50
Q

peritrichous

A

round the cell

51
Q

what are the components of a flagellum

A

filament
hook
basal body

51
Q

what is the hook

A

couples the filament and basal body

51
Q

what is the filament

A

a rigid helical protein structure composed of flagellin(protein subunits)

51
Q

what is the basal body

A

a central rod that passes through rings

52
Q

what are the rings in the basal body

A

L ring: located in the LPS
P ring: peptidoglycan
MS ring: located in the membrane
C ring: located in the cytoplasm

53
Q

energy to turn the flagella on

A

comes from the proton motive force

54
Q

Mot proteins are what

A

they form channels to allow the H+ enter the cell from the cytoplasm

55
Q

chemotaxis

A

response to chemicals

56
Q

aerotaxis

A

response to oxygen

57
Q

phototaxis

A

response to light

58
Q

osmotaxis

A

response to ionic strength

59
Q

hydrotaxis

A

response to water

60
Q

what is a capsid

A

a protein coat that surrounds the virus and allows the transfer of the genome

61
Q

icosahedral capsid has how many faces

A

20 triangular faces

62
Q

example of a virus with a binal capsid

A

T4 bacteriophage of E.coli

63
Q

which bacteria has an icosahedral head

A

human papillomavirus

64
Q

mimivirus infects what kind of organism

A

amoeba

65
Q

what are the two major spikes on virus’ envelope

A

hemaglutanin
neuraminidase

66
Q

what is lytic infection

A

when the virus accumulates in the cell and lysis the cell

67
Q

what is persistent infection

A

when the virus pushes through the host cell being released by budding. it doesn’t kill the host cell

68
Q

what does neuraminidase help the virus do

A

exit the host cell

MBIO 1010 (6 decks)

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