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MBIO 1010 > Antimicrobial drugs and drug resistance > Flashcards

Antimicrobial drugs and drug resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Penicillin and Cephalosporins are inhibit what part of a bacterium

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis

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2
Q

what do penicillin and cephalosporin have in common

A

beta lactam ring

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3
Q

what is a growth factor analong

A

antibiotic that is chemically similar to a growth factor but due its structural differences it prevents the analog from functioning as a growth factor

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4
Q

penicillin target what in gram positive

A

transpeptidation

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5
Q

what is an example of a semi-synthetic penicillin that can target gram negative bacteria

A

ampicillin

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6
Q

sulfanilamide is an example of what

A

growth factor that inhibits folic acid synthesis, thus nucleic acid synthesis

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7
Q

what is the function of quinolones

A

inhibits DNA gyrase, prevents supercoiling of DNA

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8
Q

protein synthesis inhibitors target

A

70S ribosomes

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9
Q

what are the issues of protein synthesis inhibitors

A

because they target 70S ribosomes, they can target the mitochondria matrix

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10
Q

example of protein synthesis inhibitors

A

aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides

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11
Q

protein synthesis inhibitor called amino glycosides binding to 30S subunit of the 70S ribosome do what

A

block translation

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12
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

when an organism develops a mechanism to avoid the activity of an antimicrobial drug that it should be susceptible to

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13
Q

what type of bacteria is high in number on dry skin

A

betaprotobacteria

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14
Q

what is second highest bacteria on dry skin

A

corynebacteria

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15
Q

moist skin has high numbers of

A

corynebacteria and staphylococcus

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16
Q

sebaceous skin has high number of

A

propionibacteria

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17
Q

actinobacteria produce what as an end product of fermentation

A

propionic acid

18
Q

what kind of bacteria can trigger inflammatory acne

A

propionibacteria acnes

19
Q

what kind of antimicrobial enzyme in the saliva catalyzes the production of superoxide radicals O2-

A

lactoperoxidase

20
Q

streptococcus mutans is what type of bacteria in terms of oxygen

A

aerotolerant bacteria

21
Q

what is the end product of fermentation for streptococcus mutans

A

lactic acid

22
Q

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium found in the stomach that causes stomach ulcers, what kind of antibiotic can be administered to it

A

tetracycline

23
Q

what is the genus of gram positive latic acid bacteria

A

enterococcus

24
Q

what is vancomycin resistant enterococci

A

strains of entercocci that have developed resistance to vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic often used as a last resort for treating serious Gram-positive infections

25
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer

A

the transfer of genetic material to organsims rather than the vertical transmission of DNA from parent to offspring

26
Q

what do vancomycin and penicillin have in common

A

they both target transpeptidation in peptidoglycan

27
Q

examples of bacteria resistance mechanisms

A

efflux(being pushed out of the cell)
reduced permeability
alteration of target
inactivation of antibiotic

28
Q

what is an infection

A

growth of microbes that are not normally present in the host

29
Q

what is a disease

A

damage or injury that impairs the host normal function

30
Q

what is the LD50 value

A

the dose of a substance that is expected to cause death in 50% of the tested population

31
Q

what are the steps in pathogenesis at local sites

A

exposure
adherence
invasive
infection
toxicity
disease

32
Q

Streptococcus mutans uses slime layer

A

to stick to teeth

33
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae uses capsules to

A

stick to lungs

34
Q

capsules and slime layers prevent the bacteria from

A

phagocytes

35
Q

what are examples of virulence factors

A

siderophores: iron binding molecules
exoenzymes: proteins that break host tissues
adhesion factors: pili and fimbraie
invasins
toxins: exotoxin and endotoxin
hemolysins

36
Q

categories of exotoxin

A

cytoxin
AB toxins
superantigens

37
Q

what do cytotoxins do

A

disrupt cytoplasmic membrane

38
Q

examples of cytotoxins

A

hemolysins, lecithinase, phospholipase

39
Q

explain how Leukocidins destroy white blood cells

A

they insert into the membrane and oligomerize to form a heptamer which acts as a pore that allows contents of the cell to leak and cell dies

40
Q

explain AB Toxins

A

b subunit binds to cell receptor which facilitates the entry of the a subunit which exerts its toxin in the cell

41
Q

example of AB toxins

A

tetanus, botulism

42
Q
A

MBIO 1010 (5 decks)

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