Antimicrobial drugs and drug resistance

Question 1

Penicillin and Cephalosporins are inhibit what part of a bacterium

Answer 1

inhibit cell wall synthesis

Question 2

what do penicillin and cephalosporin have in common

Answer 2

beta lactam ring

Question 3

what is a growth factor analong

Answer 3

antibiotic that is chemically similar to a growth factor but due its structural differences it prevents the analog from functioning as a growth factor

Question 4

penicillin target what in gram positive

Answer 4

transpeptidation

Question 5

what is an example of a semi-synthetic penicillin that can target gram negative bacteria

Answer 5

ampicillin

Question 6

sulfanilamide is an example of what

Answer 6

growth factor that inhibits folic acid synthesis, thus nucleic acid synthesis

Question 7

what is the function of quinolones

Answer 7

inhibits DNA gyrase, prevents supercoiling of DNA

Question 8

protein synthesis inhibitors target

Answer 8

70S ribosomes

Question 9

what are the issues of protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 9

because they target 70S ribosomes, they can target the mitochondria matrix

Question 10

example of protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 10

aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides

Question 11

protein synthesis inhibitor called amino glycosides binding to 30S subunit of the 70S ribosome do what

Answer 11

block translation

Question 12

what is antibiotic resistance

Answer 12

when an organism develops a mechanism to avoid the activity of an antimicrobial drug that it should be susceptible to

Question 13

what type of bacteria is high in number on dry skin

Answer 13

betaprotobacteria

Question 14

what is second highest bacteria on dry skin

Answer 14

corynebacteria

Question 15

moist skin has high numbers of

Answer 15

corynebacteria and staphylococcus

Question 16

sebaceous skin has high number of

Answer 16

propionibacteria

Question 17

actinobacteria produce what as an end product of fermentation

Answer 17

propionic acid

Question 18

what kind of bacteria can trigger inflammatory acne

Answer 18

propionibacteria acnes

Question 19

what kind of antimicrobial enzyme in the saliva catalyzes the production of superoxide radicals O2-

Answer 19

lactoperoxidase

Question 20

streptococcus mutans is what type of bacteria in terms of oxygen

Answer 20

aerotolerant bacteria

Question 21

what is the end product of fermentation for streptococcus mutans

Answer 21

lactic acid

Question 22

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium found in the stomach that causes stomach ulcers, what kind of antibiotic can be administered to it

Answer 22

tetracycline

Question 23

what is the genus of gram positive latic acid bacteria

Answer 23

enterococcus

Question 24

what is vancomycin resistant enterococci

Answer 24

strains of entercocci that have developed resistance to vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic often used as a last resort for treating serious Gram-positive infections

Question 25

what is horizontal gene transfer

Answer 25

the transfer of genetic material to organsims rather than the vertical transmission of DNA from parent to offspring

Question 26

what do vancomycin and penicillin have in common

Answer 26

they both target transpeptidation in peptidoglycan

Question 27

examples of bacteria resistance mechanisms

Answer 27

efflux(being pushed out of the cell) reduced permeability alteration of target inactivation of antibiotic

Question 28

what is an infection

Answer 28

growth of microbes that are not normally present in the host

Question 29

what is a disease

Answer 29

damage or injury that impairs the host normal function

Question 30

what is the LD50 value

Answer 30

the dose of a substance that is expected to cause death in 50% of the tested population

Question 31

what are the steps in pathogenesis at local sites

Answer 31

exposure adherence invasive infection toxicity disease

Question 32

Streptococcus mutans uses slime layer

Answer 32

to stick to teeth

Question 33

streptococcus pneumoniae uses capsules to

Answer 33

stick to lungs

Question 34

capsules and slime layers prevent the bacteria from

Answer 34

phagocytes

Question 35

what are examples of virulence factors

Answer 35

siderophores: iron binding molecules exoenzymes: proteins that break host tissues adhesion factors: pili and fimbraie invasins toxins: exotoxin and endotoxin hemolysins

Question 36

categories of exotoxin

Answer 36

cytoxin AB toxins superantigens

Question 37

what do cytotoxins do

Answer 37

disrupt cytoplasmic membrane

Question 38

examples of cytotoxins

Answer 38

hemolysins, lecithinase, phospholipase

Question 39

explain how Leukocidins destroy white blood cells

Answer 39

they insert into the membrane and oligomerize to form a heptamer which acts as a pore that allows contents of the cell to leak and cell dies

Question 40

explain AB Toxins

Answer 40

b subunit binds to cell receptor which facilitates the entry of the a subunit which exerts its toxin in the cell

Question 41

example of AB toxins

Answer 41

tetanus, botulism