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biology final sem 1 > transport > Flashcards

transport Flashcards

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1
Q

small unicellular organism

A
  • total surface area is high. enable diffusion occur rapidly
  • distance between source and body cell of organism is near
  • co2 and other waste can be eliminated by simple diffusion
  • do not need any internal transport system
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2
Q

large multicellular organism

A
  • surface area is small
  • diffusion cannot ensure a constant supply of O2 and nutrients and waste product
  • distance between source of substance and body cell jauh sangat for direct exchange material
  • multicellular organism ade circulatory system to transpor nutrients and O2 and to remove waste
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3
Q

as the size of organism increase…

A

total surface area decreases and diffusion rate becomes lower

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4
Q

fx of circulatory system

A

delivers nutrients and O2 to the cells and bawak benda kotor

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5
Q

circulatory system and three major compenents

A
  1. pump
    - heart fx as muscular pump
    - it creates pressure yang force blood to flow dalam badan
  2. medium of transport
    - fluid that circulate(mengedar) in circulatory system
    - blood ,type of connective tissu, acts as medium of transport (kalau kat insect medium transport dia haemolymph)
  3. blood vessels
    - consists of arteries, veins and capillaries
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6
Q

blood is made up plasma and blood cells

A

55% plasma

  • respiatory gases (co2 ,O2)
  • nutrients (glucose , amino acid,vitamins)
  • hormones( insulin)
  • waste product (urea)
  • plasma protein
  • ions

45% blood cells

  • erythrocytes (rbc)
  • platelets
  • leukocytes (wbc)
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7
Q

cellular components of blood ade 3

A
  • erythrocytes
  • platelets
  • leucocytes
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8
Q

what is erythrocytes?

A
  • biconcave disc for diffusion of oxygen across the plasma membrane
  • mature rbc takde nukleus sbb nak contain lagi byk haemoglobin molecules
  • haemoglobin ni oxygen yg bwk protein pigment yang jadi kan dia merah
  • normal lifespan is 120 days
  • produce kat bone marrow dan dimusnahkan kat luver and spleen
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9
Q

what is platelets?

A
  • fragments(serpihan) from the bone marrow(sum sum)
  • takde nukleus
  • main peranan in blood clotting
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10
Q

what is leucocytes?

A
  • have nucleus
  • have no haemoglobin
  • takde bentuk tetap
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11
Q

leucocytes is classified by two

A
  1. granulocytes (3 more )
    - have a granular(butiran ) cytoplasm
    - ade lobe nucleus
  2. agranulocytes (2 more)
    - ade clear cytoplasm
    - ade unlobed nucleus
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12
Q

granulocytes has 3 types

A
  1. eosinophils
    - ade bi-lobed nucleus (bentuk u )
    - lepaskan enzymes yang combat(lawan) inflammation (radang) in allergic reactions
    - bunuh parasitic worm
  2. basophils
    - S shaped lobd nucleus
    - keluarkan heparin untuk halang blood clotting
    - lepaskan histamine untuk inflammation during allergic reaction
  3. neutrophils
    - engulf(telan) and digest bacteria and dead cells by phagocytes
    - akan mati pastu jadi pus(nanah) after telang pathogens
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13
Q

agranulocytes ade 2 types

A
  1. lymphocytes
    - ade nucleus yang besar and thin rim(lingkaran) of cytoplasm
    - bekalkan ketabalan by producing antibodies against foreign substances (benda asing)
  2. monocytes
    - nucleus bentuk bean- shapes
    - engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells by phagocytosis
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14
Q

fx of blood in transport

A
  • transport of water untuk bagi bahan for biochemical reaction
  • transport of heat, untuk regulate(kawal) suhu badan
  • transport of excretory waste products macam deamination kat liver jadi sbb ade lebihan amino acid, tukar ke urea
  • transport cO2 bcs respiring cells release co2
  • transport nutrients macam glucose, amino acid , vitamin B C and mineral salt
  • transport oxygen
  • transport hormonens macam insulin dan glucagon which produced kat endocrine glands(pancreas) to target(liver)
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15
Q

what is haemolymph? dlm insect

A
  • haemolymph is circulatating fluid yang penuhkan body cavity(rongga badan) which is haemocoel
  • circulatory system dlm insect org panggil open circulatory system sbb harmolymph bathey(tenggelamkan) the tissues and internal organ directly
  • haemolymph bawak air,inorganis salt and organic compound
  • haemolymph tak bawak respiratory hases sbb gases transported by tracheal system
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16
Q

contraction of skeletal muscles around the vein

A
  1. masa jantung pump dia hasilkan tekanan yang dapat pam darah lalu blood vessels
  2. tapi bila dah sampai vein force dah tak cukup untuk bawak ke jantung
  3. jadi darah kena hantar balik dgn pertolongan contraction of skeletal muscles keliling vein
    * terangkam masa jalan muscles contract so dia compress vein so ade pressure amd bla bla
17
Q

regulatory mechanism of blood pressure

A
  • blood pressure is tekanan yang diberikan from darah dekat walls of arteries
  • regulate(dikawal) by a negative feedback mechanism
  • baroreceptor main peranan
  • bila benda ni berlaku? dengar record pasal blood pressure
18
Q

human blood vessels

A

artery
-carries blood away from the heart to the tissues

capillary
-carries blood from arteries to the veins

vein
-carries blood from all parts of body to the heart

19
Q

arteries!!!

A
  • have thick and elastic muscular walls untuk tahan high pressure of blood masa lalu
  • smaller lumen
  • blood flow is rapid, under high pressure,forming beats called pulses
  • no valve
  • bawak oxygenated blood kecuali pulmonary arteries
20
Q

capillaries!!

A
  • ade thinnest walls , one cell thickness 😱
  • very small lumen
  • blood pressure is lower dari arteries tapi lagi tinggi dari veins
  • no valve
  • bawak blood dari arteries ke vein
21
Q

veins !!!

A
  • thin, leas elastic and less muscular wall
  • have large lumen
  • darah flow is slow and under low pressure
  • have valve
  • bawak darah dari semua tempat ke jantung
  • bawak deoxygenated blood kecuali pulmonary vein
22
Q

basic structure and fx of human heart

A
  • ade four main blood vessels. pulmonary vein, vena cava, pulmonary arteries,aorta
  • oxygenated blood is transported ke whole body kecuali ke paru paru guna arteries
  • deoxygenated blood dibawak balik ke jantung dari semua tempat kecuali paru paru guna vena cava
  • jantung ade 4 chambers
  • artia terima darah yang datang balik ke jantung tapi ventricles pump darah tu keluar jantung
  • ade valve to prevent back flow
23
Q

order of blood flowww ade 10 perhentian

A
  1. pulmonary vein
    - bawak oxygenated blood dari jantung ke left atrium
  2. left atrium
    - terima darah tadi pastu bawak masuk darah ke dalam jantung
  3. bicuspid valve
    - between left atrium and left ventricle
  4. left ventricle
    - bahagian kiri punya muscular wall lagi tebal dari kanan
    - sbb nak greater pressure to pump oxygenated blood ke semua tempat
  5. aorta
    - bawak darah tadi ke systemic circulation
  6. vena cava
    - bawak co2 dari satu badan ke right atrium
  7. right atrium
    - pump darah ke right ventricle
  8. tricuspid valve
  9. right ventricle
  10. pulmonary arteries
    - bawak co2 dari right ventricle ke paru paru
24
Q

circulation of blood in humans

A
  • heart is made up of “myogenic” cardiac muscles. dia contract and relaxes secara natural
  • sinoatrial node(SAN) is a cluster(gugusan) heart muscles yang special yang terletak kat dalam wall of right atrium
  • SAN ni pacemaker yang utama sbb mulakan heartbeat
  • atrioventricular node(AVN) ade kat between right atrium and ventricle
  • dua dua node ni kena pastikan average heartbeat 72 times per min
25
Q

pumping of heart yang related to pacemaker

A

*dengar kat voice memos “pumping of the heart”

26
Q

how blood clotting happend?

A
  1. bila blood vessel rosak connective tissue kat blood vessel wall is terdedah. platelets stick rapidly kat collagen fibre dlm connective tissue
  2. platelets akan lepaskan chemical (clotting factors) yg buatkam keliling platelets sticky and form platelets plug. the plug can stop blood loss kalau damage tu kecil
  3. gumpalan platelets,damaged cell and clotting factors in plasma akan form activators (thromboplastins)
  4. thrombomplastins ni akan tolong calcium and vitamin K tukar prothrombin(inactive plasma protein) ke trombin(active plasma protein)
  5. thrombin ni akan tolong fibrinogen(soluble protein) tukar ke fibrin (insoluble protein)
  6. bila dah jadi insoluble protein, fobrin ni akan form a mash over the luka,trapping blood cells and sealing the luka. pstu dia akan keras sebab exposed to air anf form a scab(kudis)
27
Q

clotting factors?

A
  • platelets
  • damages cells
  • plasma

biology final sem 1 (2 decks)

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