Transport

Question 1

What are the components of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

Heart, Blood, Blood vessels

Question 2

What is the composition of blood?

Answer 2

red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets

Question 3

What is the role of plasma?

Answer 3

Plasma is a watery fluid carrying platelets, red and white blood cells, carbon dioxide, digested food (nutrients), amino acids and soluble nutrients. It also carries urea, hormones, antibodies, antitoxins, proteins and heat energy (after absorbing it)

The role of plasma is to transport dissolved substances around the body. By going through the bloodstream (blood vessels) and delivering the nutrients to various cells and tissues throughout the body.

Question 4

What is the role of red blood cells?

Answer 4

A biconcave structure for a large surface area to volume ratio (lots of oxygen can get to center of cell through diffusion). No nucleus for more space for haemoglobin. The function is to transport oxygen around the body by binding to hemoglobin.

Question 5

What are the two parts of blood?

Answer 5

Liquid - plasma
Cellular - red + white blood cells

Question 6

What are the types of white blood cells?

Answer 6

Lymphocytes, Phagocytes

Question 7

What are white blood cells for?

Answer 7

To protect the body against invasion of pathogens such as bacteria and virus. They do this by phagocytosis and creating antibodies.

Question 8

What is the process of separating the layers of blood?

Answer 8

Centrifuge

Question 9

What is the percentage of components in blood?

Answer 9

55% plasma 45% blood cells

Question 10

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 10

A carrier protein which weakly binds to oxygen to create oxyhemoglobin

Question 11

Percentage of different types of white blood cells?

Answer 11

70% of white blood cells are phagocytes

25% of white blood cells are lymphocytes

Question 12

What are phagocytes?

Answer 12

A type of white blood cell. They break down pathogens by phagocytosis. Which is engulfing the pathogen (spreading cytoplasm to trap the pathogen) in order to destroy it. As digestive enzymes are released to break them down.

Question 13

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 13

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. Antibodies stick to antigens (pathogens with a marker on their surface membrane) and destroy them. They can cause antigens to burst, bacteria to stick together (in order to be ingested by phagocytes), neutralize the toxins that pathogens produce.

Question 14

What are platelets?

Answer 14

Small fragments of cells that help your blood clot and close wounds. Open wounds allow pathogens to enter to blood clotting stops bleeding and prevents infection.

The platelets stick together to release fibrogen which turns to fibrin and forms a net that stops the bleeding. Then it creates a scab (crust)

Question 15

What are antigens and antibodies?

Answer 15

Antigens are foreign substances in our body. (Pathogens, bacteria, virus)

Antibodies are a protein produced by white blood cells that bind to specific antigens to destroy them. Due to signals from the immune system.

Question 16

What is the immune system?

Answer 16

A system to locate and destroy pathogens that enter the body to prevent infections.

Question 17

What is vaccinations?

Answer 17

Also known as immunization it is the act of inserting a vaccine into ones body so that they can build an immunity to a pathogen (virus/infection)

A vaccine contains dead/weakened/inactive forms of a pathogen. For bacterial or viral diseases. Vaccines expose us to antigens so we can develop immunity to it.

Question 18

What is herd immunity?

Answer 18

When a whole community becomes immune to a disease therefore stopping the outbreak of it (epidemic) because they all took the vaccine.

Question 19

What are the weaknesses of vaccines?

Answer 19

Can cause severe reactions such as seizures. Sometimes might not gain full immunity to disease. Can cause mild symptoms such as fevers or a sore arm.

Question 20

What is another name for red blood cells?

Answer 20

Erythrocytes

Question 21

How are memory cells produced after a vaccination?

Answer 21

Once the body produces antibodies in order to destroy and antigen, it also creates antibody-producing memory cells which remain alive for long.

Question 22

Why do multicellular organisms need a transporting system?

Answer 22

Large multicellular organisms have a smaller surface area to volume ratio meaning they cannot absorb nutrients easily through diffusion. Therefore they need a circulatory system to supply cells with what we need.

Question 23

What does the circulatory system provide?

Answer 23

Oxygen, removal of CO2 and urea

Question 24

Why can unicellular organisms rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell?

Answer 24

Unicellular organisms have a high surface area to volume ratio so they can easily have substances diffuse in and out of the cell (They’re also only one cell so it very easy to pass through)

Question 25

What is the circulatory system?

Answer 25

It is an organ system that transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs.

Question 26

Describe the stages of the circulatory system

Answer 26

1. deoxygenated blood flows into the heart passes through the lungs and becomes oxygenated
2. oxygenated blood flows throw the other lungs and gives up oxygen to the organs and tissues, coming out deoxygenated
3. deoxygenated blood flows back into the heart the restart the cycle

Question 27

Describe the blood flow in the heart

Answer 27

Blood is pumped through the arteries to transport oxygen throughout the body and to the lungs
1. deoxygenated blood flows into the vena cava and pulmonary vein (oxygenated) flowing into the respective atrium (pulmonary vein - left atrium/vena cava - right atrium)
2. When the heart contracts (pumped/beats) the blood is pushed into the ventricles, then the ventricles contract pushing the blood back out from the arteries. (vena cava - pulmonary artery/pulmonary artery - aorta)
3. cycle repeats as new blood enters the atria. happens around 70 times a minute

Question 28

What are the directions of the artery and vein?

Answer 28

artery - any vessel carrying blood away from the heart
vein - any vessel carrying blood towards the heart

Question 29

What are the coronary arteries?

Answer 29

Vessels that encircle the heart to make sure the muscle tissue gets all the oxygen and nutrients needed.

Question 30

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 30

When the coronary arteries branch out of the aorta, layers of fatty material build up in the coronary arteries. Making the lumen get narrower (width of blood vessel) which reduces blood flow through coronary arteries. Leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients in the heart muscle.

Question 31

Factors that increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease

Answer 31

smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of regular exercise, diabetes

Question 32

Why and how does heart range change during exercise?

Answer 32

There are pacemakers in the right atrium which are small electrical impulses in our hearts which regulate the pace of pumping/heartbeat.

Breathing rate and breath volume increases, therefore heart rate increasing as number of breaths per minute increases. In order to take enough oxygen to the respiring cells + remove the waste CO2.

Question 33

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

Answer 33

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

Question 34

What are blood vessels?

Answer 34

Active/dynamic organs that contract and expand in order to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells, carry away waste products and maintain blood pressure.

They form an enclosed system that starts and ends in the heart - meaning that blood always remains in the system (in the blood vessels) unless you are to bleed.

Question 35

What are capillaries?

Answer 35

capillaries are a transfer station between the arteries and veins.

Question 36

What are arterioles?

Answer 36

Mini arteries that branch into the capillaries.

Question 37

What are venules?

Answer 37

Tiny vein components that suck blood back out of the capillaries. They merge into larger veins that go into the heart.

Question 38

What happens if you start bleeding?

Answer 38

You have damaged a blood vessel letting the blood escape.

Question 39

What happens if you get bruised?

Answer 39

You have damaged a blood cell and had internal bleeding - usually into a loose connective tissue.

Question 40

What is the structure of blood vessels?

Answer 40

Most blood vessels have a similar structure - 3 layers of tissue surrounding an open space/lumen. (Layers = tunics)

3 layers = tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

the tunica media contracts and changes in diameter letting blood flow. (smaller diameter = harder it is for blood to flow through)

Question 41

What is the role of the liver in the circulatory system?

Answer 41

All the blood leaving the stomach + intestines pass through the liver. Which processes and breaks down, balances and creates the nutrients needed. Into forms that are easier for the rest of the body to use that are non toxic.