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Autoimmune 355 > Transplant/ Immunosuppresion > Flashcards

Transplant/ Immunosuppresion Flashcards

1
Q

What’s an isograft?

A

Transplanted organs from GENETICALLY IDENTICAL donor (such as identical twin)

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2
Q

What’s an autograft/ autologous transplant/ autologous stem cell transplant?

A

Is when a tissue is a transplant from 1 site to another on the SAME patient

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3
Q

Most commonly used induction agent?

A

Basiliximab (interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor antagonist

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4
Q

What makes up maintenance immunosuppressant therapy?

A

Calcineurin inhibitor (Tacrolimus is 1st line CNI)
+
Antiproliferative agent (Mycophenolate is 1st line in most protocols), or Everolimus, Sirolimus, Belatacept or Azathioprine
+/-
Steroids (typically prednisone)

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5
Q

Sx of acute rejection?

A

Flu-like sx - chills, body aches, nausea, cough & SOB
+
Organ-specific sx -
Heart failure sx with heart transplant
Decrease in urine output/fluid retention/ edema/ BP elevation with kidney transplant rejection

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6
Q

Which maintenance drugs have highest nephrotoxicity?

A

Tacrolimus

Cyclosporine

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7
Q

Which maintenance drugs may worsen DM or cause new onset of DM?

A

Tacrolimus

Cyclosporine

Steroids

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8
Q

Which maintenance drugs may worsen lipid parameters?

A

mTor inhibitors

Steroids

Cyclosporine

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9
Q

Which maintenance drugs have highest risk for BP elevations?

A

Steroids

Cyclosporine

Tacrolimus

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10
Q

Whys other drugs (antiproliferative or antimetabolite) used with CNI?

A

To reduce nephrotoxicity risk

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11
Q

List infection risks associated with transplant?

A

Candida: oral and esophageal - oral Clotrimazole lozenges, nystatin or Fluconazole used commonly 1-3 months post-transplant

Cytomegalovirus - Valganciclovir

Herpes simplex - acyclovir, valacyclovir or Famciclovir

Varicella zoster - vaccine prior to transplant

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia -Bactrim for 3-6 mo post-transplant

TB

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12
Q

What should pt self-monitor for when on strong immunosuppressants or with any condition that suppresses the immune system?

A

Self-monitor for sx of infection -

Fever of 100.5 degree F (38 degree C)
Chills
Sore throat
Ear or sinus pain
Cough
More sputum or change in color of sputum
Pain passing urine
Mouth sores
Wound that won't heal
Anal itching or pain
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13
Q

Infection control in Immunosuppressed pts include:

A

Air filtration systems

Keeping mouth clean

Keeping away from dusty, crowded areas & sick people

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14
Q

Can live-vaccines be given post-transplant?

A

No!

Inactivated vaccines only

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15
Q

Pneumococcal vaccine in immunocompromised pts?

A

In adults >= 19 yrs

PCV 13

PPSV23 - at least 8 wks after PCV 13

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16
Q

List induction agents

A

Antibodies
- Antithymocyte Globulin (Atgam-Equine; Thymocyte-Rabbit)

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor antagonist
- Basiliximab (Simulect)
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17
Q

MOA of anitbodies (induction agent)?

A

Reverse rejection by binding to antigens on T-lymphocytes (killer cells) and interfering with their function

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18
Q

Drug under antibodies?

A

Antithymocyte Globulin (Atgam-Equine) (Thymocyte-Rabbit)

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19
Q

Pre-medication necessary with Antithymocyte Globulin (Atgam-Equine) (Thymocyte-Rabbit)?

A

May be necessary (diphenhydramine, APAP, steroids)

Epinephrine + resuscitation equipment should be nearby

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20
Q

MOA of IL-2 receptor antagonist?

A

Chimeric (murine/human) monoclonal antibody that inhibits IL-2 receptor on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes preventing cell-mediated allograft rejection

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21
Q

Agents under IL-2 receptor antagonists?

A

Basiliximab (Simulect)

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22
Q

SEs of Basiliximab (Simulect) - induction agent?

A

HTN

Fever

Weakness

Stomach upset/n/v/cramping

Peripheral edema

Dyspnea/upper respiratory irritation/infection

Cough

Tremor

Painful urination

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23
Q

List maintenance meds

A

Corticosteroids - prednisone etc

Antiproliferative agents - Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept)
Mycophenolic Acid (Myfortic)
Azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)

Calcineurin Inhibitors - Tacrolimus (Prograf, Astagraf XL)
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf, SandIMMUNE)

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)- Everolimus (Zortress, Afinitor)
Sirolimus (Rapamune)
Belatacept (Nulojix)

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24
Q

MOA of corticosteroids - Prednisone(maintenance medications)?

A

Naturally occurring hormones that prevent or suppress inflammation and humoral immune responses

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25
Q

MOA of Antiproliferative Agents (maintenance medications)?

A

Inhibit T-lymphocyte proliferation by altering purine synthesis

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26
Q

List Antiproliferative Agents (maintenance medications)?

A

Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept)

Mycophenolic Acid (Myfortic)

Azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)

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27
Q

Brand name of Mycophenolate Mofetil (Antiproliferative Agents used for maintenance medications)?

A

CellCept

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28
Q

Brand name of Mycophenolic Acid (Antiproliferative Agents used for maintenance medications)?

A

Myfortic

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29
Q

Brand name of Azathioprine (Antiproliferative Agents used for maintenance medications)?

A

Azasan

Imuran

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30
Q

BBW of Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) & Mycophenolic Acid (Myfortic) - (Antiproliferative Agents used for maintenance medications)?

A

Increased risk of inf

Increased development of lymphoma and skin malignancies

Increased risk of congenital malformations and spontaneous abortions when used during pregnancy

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31
Q

SE of Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) & Mycophenolic Acid (Myfortic) - (Antiproliferative Agents used for maintenance medications)?

A

Diarrhea

GI upset

Vomiting

Hypo- & hypertension

Edema

Tachycardia

Pain

Hyperglycemia

Hypo- & hyperkalemia

Hypo- magnesemia; calcemia; cholesterolemia

Tremor

Acne

Infections

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32
Q

Monitoring parameters of Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) & Mycophenolic Acid (Myfortic) - (Antiproliferative Agents used for maintenance medications)?

A

CBC

Renal, liver, signs of infection

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33
Q

Difference btw Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) & Mycophenolic Acid (Myfortic) - (Antiproliferative Agents used for maintenance medications)?

A

Myfortic is enteric coated, which helps to reduce diarrhea

T4 Myfortic and CellCept are NOT interchangeable

34
Q

What can be done to avoid variability in absorption of Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) & Mycophenolic Acid (Myfortic) - (Antiproliferative Agents used for maintenance medications)?

A

Take on empty stomach

35
Q

MOA of Calcineurin Inhibitors?

A

Suppresses cellular immunity by inhibiting T-lymphocyte activation

36
Q

Calcineurin Inhibitors agents?

A

Tacrolimus (Prograf, Astagraf)

Cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf, SandIMMUNE)

37
Q

Brand name of Tacrolimus - CNI used for maintenance meds?

A

Prograf

Astagraf XL

38
Q

What’s Protopic (Topical Tacrolimus) used for?

A

Topical for Eczema

39
Q

Brand name of Cyclosporine - CNI used for maintenance meds?

A

Neoral

Gengraf

SandIMMUNE

40
Q

What’s Restasis (Ophthalmic Cyclosporine) used for?

41
Q

BBW of Tacrolimus (Prograf) - CNI used for maintenance meds?

A

Increased susceptibility to infection

42
Q

SE of Tacrolimus (Prograf) - CNI used for maintenance meds?

A

HTN

Nephrotoxicity

Hyperglycemia

Tremor

Hyperkalemia

QT prolongation

43
Q

Monitoring of Tacrolimus (Prograf) & Cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf, SandIMMUNE) - CNI used for maintenance meds?

A

Trough levels

Serum electrolytes

Renal fxn

Hepatic fxn, if liver transplant

BP

BG

Electrolytes ( esp, K)

Lipid profile

44
Q

How should Tacrolimus (Prograf) be used - CNI used for maintenance meds?

A

On an empty stomach (to avoid variability in absorption)

45
Q

How do u dose Cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf, SandIMMUNE) - CNI used for maintenance meds?

A

Dose depends on transplant type & formulation

46
Q

How do u dose modified Cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf) - CNI used for maintenance meds - in Renal transplant?

A

9 +/- 3 mg/kg/day, divided twice daily

47
Q

How do u dose modified Cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf) - CNI used for maintenance meds - in Liver transplant?

A

8 +/- 4 mg/kg/day, divided twice daily

48
Q

How do u dose modified Cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf) - CNI used for maintenance meds - in Heart transplant?

A

7 +/- 3 mg/kg/day, divided twice daily

49
Q

How do u dose non-modified Cyclosporine (SandIMMUNE) - CNI used for maintenance meds?

A

3 - 10 mg/kg/day

50
Q

For Neoral/Gengraf/SandIMMUNE…When can nephrotoxicity occur? Trough level?

A

Nephrotoxicity can occur at ANY level

Trough 100-400 ng/mL

51
Q

BBW of Cyclosporine (Neoral/Gengraf/SandIMMUNE)?

A

Renal impairment (with high doses)

Modified cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf) & Non-modified cyclosporine (SandIMMUNE) cant be used interchangeably

52
Q

SE of Cyclosporine (Neoral/Gengraf/SandIMMUNE)?

A

HTN

Nephropathy

Hirsutism

Gingival hyperplasia

Edema

Hyperglycemia

QT prolongation

53
Q

Cyclosporine (Neoral/Gengraf/SandIMMUNE) & other meds?

A

Most drugs will affect the cyclosporine level, cuz its a CYP 450 3A4 and P-gp substrate

Avoid alcohol

54
Q

MOA of Mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor?

A

Inhibits T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation

May be synergistic with CNIs

55
Q

Agents under Mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor?

A

Everolimus (Zotress, Afinitor)

Sirolimus (Rapamune)

Belatacept (Nulojix)

56
Q

BBW of Everolimus (Zostress, Afinitor) - mTOR?

A

Increased risk of infection

Increased Risk of lymphoma & skin cancer

57
Q

Everolimus (Zostress, Afinitor) & Cyclosporine (Neoral, Gengraf, SandIMMUNE)?

A

Reduced doses of cyclosporine when used concomitantly

58
Q

SEs of Everolimus (Zostress, Afinitor)?

A

Peripheral edema

Constipation

HTN

Hyperglycemia

Hyperlipidemia

Delayed wound healing

Pneumonitis

59
Q

Trough levels for Sirolimus (Rapamune)? When should it be collected?

A

Loading dose: 3-4 days after LD

Maintenance dose: 7-14 days after dosage adjustments

4-12 ng/mL

60
Q

SEs of Sirolimus (Rapamune)?

A

Delayed wound healing

Pneumonitis/bronchitis

Cough

Hyperglycemia

Hyperlipidemia

61
Q

How should calculated dose of Belatacept (Nulojix) be rounded up?

A

To nearest 12.5mg

62
Q

Effect of cyclosporine on Mycophenolate, Sirolimus, Everolimus?

A

Cyclosporine will DECREASE Mycophenolate levels

Cyclosporine will INCREASE Sirolimus and Everolimus levels

63
Q

Xtics of Tacrolimus & Cyclosporine? Substrates, inh or inducers?

A

Tacrolimus & Cyclosporine are CYP 450 3A4 & P-gp substrates

Both will interact with the majority of drugs

64
Q

Mycophenolate and hormonal contraceptions?

A

Mycophenolate can reduce levels hormonal contraceptions (making OCPs less effective)

65
Q

Which immunosuppressants should caution be taken when used with other drugs that are nephrotoxic?

A

Tacrolimus

Cyclosporine

66
Q

Which immunosuppressants should caution be taken when used with other drugs that are raise BG?

A

Tacrolimus

Steroids

Cyclosporine

mTor inhibitors (Everolimus/ Sirolimus)

67
Q

Which immunosuppressants should caution be taken when used with other drugs that worsen lipids?

A

mTor inhibitors (Everolimus/ Sirolimus)

Steroids

Cyclosporine

68
Q

Which immunosuppressants should caution be taken when used with other drugs that raise BP?

A

Steroids

Cyclosporine

Tacrolimus

69
Q

How should immunosuppressants be used?

A

Take EXACTLY as prescribed

Stay consistent on how u take ur medication

70
Q

What should pt on immunosuppressant monitor and recorded on a daily basis?

A

Temperature

Weight

BP

Glucose (if pt has DM)

71
Q

What meds should be avoided with immunosuppressants use?

A

NSAIDs (Advil, Naprosyn, Aleve) cuz they can harm the kidney

OTC, herbal or alternative meds

72
Q

When should pt use meds if having blood drawn?

A

Take meds AFTER blood is drawn, not b4

73
Q

How should Mycophenolate be taken? Main SE?

A

Empty stomach

Diarrhea

74
Q

What meds should be avoided with Mycophenolate use?

A

Antacids or multivitamin (separate by 2 hrs)

Bile acid resins - avoid completely

75
Q

Mycophenolate use and sun exposure?

A

Limit time spent in sunlight

Use SPF 30 or higher

Those who take this med have a higher risk of getting skin cancer

76
Q

Are the 2 brand (Myfortic & CellCept) of Mycophenolate interchangeable?

77
Q

Missed doses for Mycophenolate, Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine?

A

< 4 hrs after missed scheduled dose - take missed dose and continue as usual

> 4 hrs after missed scheduled dose - skip missed dose

78
Q

What medical condition can Tacrolimus cause?

A

DM

Talk to doctor if u experience any of the following symptoms of high BG: increased thirst/hunger or freq urination

79
Q

What medical condition can Cyclosporine cause?

A

High BP and kidney problems

Swelling and growth of gums (gingival hyperplasia)

80
Q

What’s an allograft/ allogenic transplant/ homograft?

A

Transplant of an organ or tissue from 1 individual to another of the SAME species with DIFFERENT genotype

Autoimmune 355 (10 decks)

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