Transmission of Nerve Impulses

Question 1

Types of synaptic transmition

Answer 1

• Electric
• Chemical

Question 2

Direct ionic transfer through gap junctions

Answer 2

Electric synaptic transmition

Question 3

Neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft; neurotransmitter receptors gate ion channels directly or indirectly

Answer 3

Chemical synaptic transmition

Question 4

Other names for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Answer 4

• Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (NMSN)
• Peroneal muscular atrophy

Question 5

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease comprises a group of disorders that affects…

Answer 5

Peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy)

Question 6

The product of an individual excitatory synapse

Answer 6

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Question 7

The product of an individual inhibitory synapse

Answer 7

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Question 8

The graded sum of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 8

Synaptic potential

Question 9

Consecutive synaptic potentials at the same site are added together in the postsynaptic cell

Answer 9

Temporal summation

Question 10

The inputs of many presynaptic neurons acting at different sites on the postsynaptic neuron are added together

Answer 10

Spatial summation

Question 11

Contains synaptic vesicles that store and release neurotransmitters

Answer 11

Presynaptic membrane

Question 12

Synaptic vesicles fuses with the inner surface of the presynaptic membrane at sites called

Answer 12

Active zones

Question 13

Release of neurotransmitters depends on

Answer 13

Calcium influx

Question 14

Release of neurotransmitters occurs by

Answer 14

Exocytosis

Question 15

When an AP reaches the terminal portion of the neuronal membrane…

Answer 15

Depolarization causes voltage gated Ca++ channels to open

Question 16

What does an influx of calcium cause?

Answer 16

• Synaptic vesicles to dock onto the active zones
• Release their neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

Question 17

What is neurotransmitter released followed by?

Answer 17

• Endocytosis
• Restoration of the vesicles

Question 18

Neurotransmitters can be _____ if their receptors gate positive ions into the intracellular fluid

Answer 18

Excitatory

Question 19

Neurotransmitters can be _____ if their receptors gate negative ions in the intracellular fluid

Answer 19

Inhibitory

Question 20

Neurotransmitters can also function as _____ having an excitatory or inhibitory influence on the postsynaptic cell

Answer 20

Neuromodulators

Question 21

Metabotropic receptors found in the presynaptic membrane function in:

Answer 21

• Inhibiting further neurotransmitter release
• Stimulating neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 22

All neurotransmitters are _____

Answer 22

Biogenic amines

Question 23

Where is acetylcholine found?

Answer 23

• Neuromuscular junction
• Autonomic ganglia

Question 24

AA derivates

Answer 24

• Tyrosine derivatives (catecholamines)
• Trytophan derivatives
• Histidine derivatives

Question 25

Tyrosine derivatives

Answer 25

- Dopamine (tyrosine makes L-dopa, L-dopa makes dopamine) - Norepinephrine/ Epinepherine (dopamine makes norepinephrine, norepinephrine makes epinepherine)

Question 26

Tryptophan derivatives

Answer 26

Serotonin

Question 27

Histidine derivatives

Answer 27

Histamine

Question 28

AAs that are neurotransmitters

Answer 28

- Glutamate - Glycine - g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 29

What is glutamate as a neurotransmitter responsible for?

Answer 29

CNS excitation

Question 30

What is glycine as a neurotransmitter responsible for?

Answer 30

Spinal cord inhibitory interneurons

Question 31

What is g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter responsible for?

Answer 31

CNS inhibition

Question 32

Neuromodulators found in the entire CNS but also found in other functional systems such as the endocrine, digestive, immune, ect

Answer 32

Neuroactive peptides

Question 33

The "input zone" of a neuron after a synapse

Answer 33

Postsynaptic membrane

Question 34

Postsynaptic membranes contain neurotransmitter receptors in sites called:

Answer 34

Postsynaptic densities

Question 35

Categories of neurotransmitter receptors

Answer 35

- Transmitter (ligand) gated ion channels (ionotropic) - Second messenger coupled receptors (metabotropic/tyrosine kinases)

Question 36

Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor and causes the ion channel to open directly

Answer 36

Transmitter (ligand) gated ion channels

Question 37

Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor which activates a second messenger cascade which in turn opens, closes or modulates ion channels

Answer 37

Second messenger coupled receptors

Question 38

Examples of neurotransmitter receptor types: acetylcholine

Answer 38

- Nicotinic receptors - Muscarinic receptors

Question 39

Nicotinic receptor agonist

Answer 39

Nicotine

Question 40

Nicotinic receptor antagonist

Answer 40

Curare

Question 41

Muscarinic receptor agonist

Answer 41

Muscarine

Question 42

Muscarinic receptor antagonist

Answer 42

Atropine