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Translation I > Translation Processes > Flashcards

Translation Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Borrowing

A
  • a loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a source language and incorporated into a target language without translation
  • borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be “foreign”
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2
Q

Borrowing
- examples

A

From French: abbatoire, café, passé and resumé
From German: schadenfreude, angst, hamburger and kindergarten
From Sanskrit: bandana, musk and sugar

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3
Q

Example: Borrowing
- on the Computer

A

am Computer

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4
Q

Calque

A
  • calque or loan translation is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself
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5
Q

Calque
- examples

A

German to English:
- Masterpiece, beer garden, homesickness, wordview

English to German:
- Fußball, Wolkenkratzer, Teddybär

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6
Q

Example: Calque
- That doesn’t make any sense.

A
  • Das macht keinen Sinn.
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7
Q

Literal Translation

A
  • A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others, dependent on the sentence structure.
  • Sometimes it works and sometimes it does not. A literal translation is a form of translation in which it is unnecessary to resort to lexical or structural ‘normalisations’ in order to produce a grammatically and stylistically acceptable target text.
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8
Q

Literal Translation
- example

A

German: umschreibt die Situation wie folgt
Englisch: describes the situation as follows

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9
Q

Example: Literal Translation
- Ich habe Hunger.

A
  • I have hunger.
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10
Q

Transposition
- list

A
  • class shifts
    Intra-system shifts
  • substitutions of a singular for a plural within the number system
  • substitution of an active form for a passive form
  • substitution of the present tense for a past tense
  • substitution of zero article for the definite article within the article system
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11
Q

Class-shifts
- Transposition

A
  • Er schwimmt gerne.
  • He likes swimming.
  • class shift: verb to noun
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12
Q

Example: Class-shift
- es geht um einen zurückgekehrten Diktator

A
  • it is about the return of a dictator
  • class shift: adjective to noun
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13
Q

Substitution of a singular for a plural within the number system
- singular to plural/ plural to singular
- Transposition: intra-system shifts

A

Informationen = information
Ratschläge = advice
- plural to singular
Hose = trousers
- singular to plural

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14
Q

Example: singular to plural/ plural to singular

A
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15
Q

Substitution of an active form for a passive form
- active to passive/ passive to active
- Transposition: intra-system shifts

A
  • Sam gab mir das Buch.
  • The book was given to me by Sam.
  • active to passive
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16
Q

Example: active to passive/ passive to active

A
17
Q

Substitution of the present tense for a past tense
- present to past/ past to present
- Transposition: intra-system shifts

A
  • Was sagen Sie da? (Präsens)
  • What did you say? (Simple Past)
  • present to past
18
Q

Example: present to past/ past to present

A
19
Q

Substitution of zero article for the definite article within the article system
- zero article
- Transposition: intra-system shift

A

Das Mittagessen ist schon fertig.
Lunch is already prepared.
- zero article

20
Q

Example: zero article

A
21
Q

Modulation
- list

A
  • positive/ negative
  • cause/ effect
  • 1st person/ 2nd person
  • abstract/ concrete
  • shift of imagery
22
Q

positive/negative
- Modulation

A
  • Danke, nicht schlecht.
  • I’m well, thanks.
23
Q

Example: positive/negative
- Modulation
- Ich bin glücklicherweise nicht nass geworden.

A
  • I fortunately stayed dry.
24
Q

Cause/ Effect
- Modulation

A
  • Der Boden war nass, weil es geregnet hatte.
  • Since it had rained, the ground was wet.
25
Q

Example: cause/effect
- Modulation

A
26
Q

1st person/ 2nd person
- Modulation

A
  • Ich lasse von mir hören.
  • You’ll be hearing from me.
27
Q

Example: 1st person/2nd person
- Modulation
- Aber versprechen Sie sich nicht zu viel davon.

A
  • But I don’t hold out much hope.
28
Q

Abstract/ concrete
- Modulation

A
  • It was raining cats and dogs?
  • Es regnete sehr stark.
29
Q

Example: abstract to concrete
- Modulation

A
30
Q

Shift of imagery
- Modulation

A
  • Im siebten Himmel.
  • I’m so happy, I could die.
31
Q

Example: shift of imagery
- Modulation

A
32
Q

Reformulation

A
  • Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example, when translation idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy.
  • usually titles and city names
33
Q

Example: Reformulation
- Taken

A
  • 96 hours
34
Q

Equivalence

A

From one idiomatic expression to another.
- It’s raining cats and dogs.
- Es schüttete wie aus Eimern.

35
Q

Example: Equivalence

A

Translation I (3 decks)

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