Translation of RNA to Protein Flashcards
are the facilitators of the translation process in the cytoplasm. They induce the binding of complimentary transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon sequences to the mRNA. serves as the site of action for
protein synthesis. It provides the enzymes needed for peptide bond formation
Ribosomes
is the final process of protein synthesis that takes place in the cytoplasm. The genetic information of the DNA is used as the origin to form messenger RNA (mRNA) by the transcription process. The single stranded mRNA then serves as a template during this.
Translation
contain particular amino acids linked together by the
ribosome.
tRNA
During translation, the mRNA sequence is decoded to produce a specific amino acid chain called?
Polypeptide
produces an active protein which is able to perform important
functions within the cell.
Folding of Polypeptide
protein building block
Amino Acid
proteins that are spherical, compact, and soluble
Globular
proteins that are are elongated and insoluble
Fibrous
Amino acids combine through a dehydration link called
Peptide bond
Proteins are typically made of a chain of?
20 amino acids
occurs in the cytoplasm and involves converting genetic codes into proteins.
Translation
are assembled during DNA transcription, where DNA is decoded into RNA.
Genetic Codes
is used to convey information from DNA to the ribosome. It is a single strand molecule, complimentary to the DNA template, and is generated through transcription. Strands of this are made up
of codons, each of which signifies a particular amino acid to be added to the polypeptide in a certain order. This must interact with ribosomal RNA (rRNA), the central component of ribosomal machinery that recognizes the start and stop codons of mRNA, and transfer RNA (tRNA), which provides the amino acid once bound with a complimentary mRNA codon
mRNA
This is a single strand of RNA composed of approximately 80 ribonucleotides. Each one of this is read as a
ribonucleotide triplet called an anticodon that is complementary to an mRNA codon. This carries a particular
amino acid, which is added to the growing polypeptide chain if complimentary codons bond.
tRNA
After mRNA is formed in the nucleus, it leaves and moves to the cytoplasm where it finds the ribosome. Small ribosomal subunits then bind to mRNA. The initiator tRNA which is equipped with the
anticodon (UAC) also binds to the start codon (AUG) of the mRNA.
Let us say we have the mRNA codon AUG-UGC-AAG-UCC-GGA-CAG, the tRNA anticodon would be UAC-ACG-UUC-AGG-CCU-GUC. The resulting large complex forms a complete ribosome and initiates protein synthesis. Each different tRNA is covalently linked to a particular amino acid.
Step 1: Initiation
a new tRNA-amino acid complex enters the codon next to the AUG codon. If the anticodon of the new tRNA matches the mRNA codon, base pairing occurs, and the two amino acids are
linked by the ribosome through a peptide bond.
If the anticodon does not match the codon, base pairing cannot happen and the tRNA is rejected. Then, the ribosome moves one codon forward making space for a new tRNA-amino acid complex to enter. This process is repeated several times until the entire polypeptide has been translated.
Step 2: Elongation
As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it encounters one of the three stop codons for which there
is no corresponding tRNA. Terminator proteins present at the stop codon bind to the ribosome and trigger
the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.
The ribosome then disengages from the mRNA. On
release from the mRNA, the small and large subunits of the ribosome dissociate and prepare for the next
round of translation. The polypeptide chains produced during translation undergo some post-translational
modifications, such as folding, before becoming a fully active protein.
Step 3: Termination
