Central Dogma of Biology: Protein Synthesis

Question 1

is the genetic material of all organisms on Earth from microbes
to plants and human beings. It is a thin long molecule found in the cell’s nucleus which is made up of nucleotides.

Answer 1

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 2

An organism’s complete set of DNAs, including all its genes. It contains a complete set of information which determines inherited physical characteristics such as height, skin, eye, and hair color and many others

Answer 2

Genome

Question 3

cells that contain a nucleus and organelles and are enclosed by a plasma membrane

Answer 3

eukaryotic cells

Question 4

The basic structure of nucleotide consists of a?

Answer 4

phosphate group, sugar and a nitrogenous base

Question 5

basic unit of heredity

Answer 5

gene

Question 6

is the process of DNA duplication from an existing DNA. This process is important for the growth repair and reproduction of cells of an organism. This process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells before a cell divides by mitosis of meiosis. When a cell divides, each resulting cell keeps a copy of all your chromosomes.

Answer 6

DNA Replication

Question 7

major key players in DNA replication are the enzymes? (HPDL)

Answer 7

helicase
primase
DNA polymerase
ligase

Question 8

the unzipping enzyme and unzips the two strands of DNA in the double helix through the hydrogen bond that holds the two base pairs together.

Answer 8

Helicase

Question 9

will initialize the process and directs the DNA polymerase for it to figure out where it gets to start

Answer 9

Primase

Question 10

is the starting point for DNA synthesis. They are made of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).

Answer 10

Primer

Question 11

is the builder enzyme which replicates DNA molecules in order to build a new strand of DNA

Answer 11

DNA polymerase

Question 12

is the gluer. which helps glue DNA fragments together to form the new strand of DNA.

Answer 12

Ligase

Question 13

WHAT STEP? DNA replication starts at the Origin of Replication. The unzipping enzyme Helicase causes the DNA strand separation, which leads to the formation of the replication fork. It breaks the hydrogen bond between the base pairs to separate the strand, thus separating the DNA into individua strands.

Answer 13

Step 1: Initiation

Question 14

WHAT STEP? DNA Polymerase III makes the new DNA strand by reading the nucleotides on the template strand and binding one nucleotide after the other to generate a whole new complementary strand. It helps in the proofreading and repairing the new strand. DNA Polymerase is able to identify and back track any mis paired nucleotides and corrects it immediately. The bases attached to each strand then pair up with the three nucleotides found in the cytoplasm. If it finds an Adenine (A) on the template, it will only add a Thymine (T). If it finds a Guanine (G) on the template, it will only add a Cytosine (C).

Answer 14

Step 2: Elongation

Question 15

WHAT STEP? In the previous steps of DNA replication, at the Origin, a Primer helps the DNA Polymerase to initiate the process. As the strand is created, the primer has to be removed. This is when DNA Polymerase I comes into the picture to replace the RNA nucleotides from the Primer with DNA nucleotides to make sure it is DNA all the way through. When DNA Polymerase III adds nucleotides to the lagging strand and forms Okazaki fragments, it leaves a gap or two between the fragments. These gaps are filled by the enzyme
ligase and makes sure that everything else is connected.

Answer 15

Step 3: Termination

Question 16

What is complete once all the Primers are removed and Ligase has filled in all the remaining gaps between the Okazaki Fragments?

Answer 16

Replication Process

Question 17

Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes?

Answer 17

23

Question 18

Adenine and Guanine are?

Answer 18

Purines with 2 rings

Question 19

Cytosine and Thymine are?

Answer 19

Pyrimidines with 1 ring