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BioChem 2 > Translation I > Flashcards

Translation I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA makes RNA makes Protein

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2
Q

How is information in prokaryotes organized?

A

Genes are tightly spaced, dont have exons, and genes with related functions are often coded on the same mRNA

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3
Q

What performs Translation? What direction?

A

Ribosomes on mRNA and it occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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4
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UGA and UAG

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5
Q

What does a stop codon do?

A

Tells a ribosome where to stop making a protein at

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6
Q

What is a start codon? What does it code for?

A

AUG and codes of methionine

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7
Q

What does the start codon do?

A

Starting point for translation

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8
Q

What is the first amino acid in prokaryotes?

A

Modified form of methionine called formyl-methionine (f-met)

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9
Q

What is the rate of translation in bacteria?

A

Roughly the same as transcription (45-50 bases or 15-17 aa per second)

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10
Q

What does the 5’ end correspond to?

A

The amino end of the protein

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11
Q

What does the 3’ end correspond to?

A

The carboxyl end of the protein

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12
Q

Polysome

A

Multiple ribosomes performing translation on a single mRNA

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13
Q

Where do we see polycistronic mRNAs? What does it mean?

A

Prokaryotic mRNAS. Carry coding for more than one protein.

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14
Q

What are codons?

A

Three base sequences in the mRNA

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15
Q

What are anticodons?

A

Complementary three base sequences in the tRNA. When paired int he ribosome, they are antiparallel to codons.

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16
Q

What is the wobble position?

A

The base at the 3’ end of the codon (5’ on the anticodon)

17
Q

On the anticodon, what can occupy the wobble position?

A

Inosine, which then pairs with A,C, or U.

18
Q

What does the inosine allow for?

A

The cell to make fewer tRNAs for the given amino acid.

19
Q

Where are Amino acids attached to on the tRNA?

A

3’ end

20
Q

What are the three sites for binding/holding/releasing tRNA’s on a ribosome?

A

A, P and E sites. They correspond in the order tRNA moves through them. (Unless it is the first one in translation initiation, then it starts at P)

21
Q

Two types of ribosomes

A

Large and small subunits

22
Q

How big is a large subunit ribosome?

A

(50s in prokaryotes and 60s in eukaryotes

23
Q

How small is a small subunit ribosome?

A

30s in prokaryotes and 40s in eukaryotes

24
Q

How do tRNA appear in 3d?

A

Bent

25
Q

How many steps are there to translation? What are they?

A

4 - Activation, Initiation, Growth, Termination

26
Q

What three steps are performed in the ribosome?

A

Initiation, growth, termination

27
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes

A

Covalently attaches proper amino acid to each tRNA for activation. Reads the anti-codon and catalyzes attachment of proper amino acid to the end of the tRNA

28
Q

How many of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes are there?

A

20 - one for each aa

29
Q

How many classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes are there? How do they differ?

A

2 - differ by the way they bind to tRNA and which hydroxyl of the ribose ring they attach the amino acid to

30
Q

Class 1 Enzymes do what

A

attach the aa to the hydroxy on carbon 2

31
Q

Class 2 Enzymes do what

A

attach the aa to the hydroxy on carbon 3

32
Q

What is the importance of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes?

A

Provides accuracy as inaccuracy would slow translation down.

33
Q

What rRNA is contained by prokaryotes large ribosome?

A

23S and 5S

34
Q

What rRNA is contained by eukaryotes large ribosome?

A

28S, 5.8s and 5s

35
Q

What rRNA is contained by prokaryotes small ribosome?

A

16 s

36
Q

What rRNA is contained by eukaryotes small ribosome?

A

18s

BioChem 2 (9 decks)

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