Translation

Question 0

Large Ribosome Subunit

Answer 0

50s.

Question 1

Small Ribosome Subunit

Answer 1

30s

Question 2

EF-TS

Answer 2

Reproduces EF-TU and makes GDP to GTP. makes it ready for more charged tRNA

Question 3

When are ribosomal subunits joined?

Answer 3

When actively translation mRNA

Question 4

What is needed for Initiation?

Answer 4

2 Ribosomal Subunits
mRNA
tRNA with amino acids
IF's
EF's 
release factors

Question 5

When are ribosomal subunits seperate?

Answer 5

When not actively translating

Question 6

IF-3

Answer 6

Binds with small subunit to prevent large subunit from binding

Question 7

Which ribosomal Subunit binds to mRNA first?

Answer 7

Small subunit

Question 8

IF-2

Answer 8

Forms a complex with GTP

Question 9

IF-1

Answer 9

Binds with small subunit to allow subunits to join together

Question 10

Initiation complex?

Answer 10

Both subunits together. 70s.

Question 11

What happens to IF’s when tRNA binds to start codon?

Answer 11

They dissociate

Question 12

Where does initiator tRNA bind to mRNA?

Answer 12

Start codon

Question 13

Where does tRNA bind to in large subunit?

Answer 13

p-site

Question 14

Termination steps:

Answer 14

1. When ribosomes translocate to a stop codon there is not tRNA that can pair in an a-site
2. RF-1 or 2 attaches to a-site
3. RF-3 forms complex with GTP and binds to ribosome
4. polypeptide is released from tRNA in p-site
5. GTP hydrolyzes to GDP
6. tRNA, mRNA, and RF’s are released from ribosomes

Question 15

EF-TU

Answer 15

with GTP helps bring tRNA to ribosome & mRNA

Question 16

Relaxed DNA (chromatin)

Answer 16

more transcription factors can bind so more likely RNA polymerase will bind for transcription to occur

Question 17

Initiation Steps:

Answer 17

1. IF-3 binds to small subunit to prevent large from binding
2. Small subunit binds to mRNA
3. complex forms with GTP and IF-2
4. tRNA binds to start codon, IF-1 binds to small subunit
5. all IF’s dissociate; GTP hydrolyzes to GDP
6. LArge subunit joins to form initiation complex

Question 18

EF-G

Answer 18

helps ribosome translocate down mRNA

Question 19

A-site

Answer 19

Where charged tRNA first enter ribosome

Question 20

P-site

Answer 20

peptide bond forms between tRNA in p-site and a-site, tRNA in p-site releases its amino acid

Question 21

E-site

Answer 21

Exit. where uncharged tRNA leaves ribosome

Question 22

RF-3

Answer 22

Binds with RF 1 or 2 to mRNA to stop translation

Question 23

RRF

Answer 23

Allows release of ribosomes and tRNA from mRNA

Question 24

polyribsomes

Answer 24

many ribosomes on one mRNA transcript

Question 25

What did the Beadle and Tatum experiment prove?

Answer 25

Each gene encodes a separate protein or enzyme

Question 26

What hypothesis did Beadle and Tatum come up with?

Answer 26

One-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis

Question 27

What is one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis?

Answer 27

most enzymes are composed of more than one polypeptide | *not completely accurate because of alternative splicing

Question 28

Prokaryotic Ribosomes?

Answer 28

smaller and less protiens

Question 29

RF-1 and RF-2

Answer 29

Bind to mRNA to stop translation | -depends on which stop codon is present

Question 30

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

Answer 30

Larger, more proteins

Question 31

Clover leaf structure

Answer 31

Structure of tRNA

Question 32

Where on tRNA does it accept the amino acid?

Answer 32

3' end

Question 33

What nucleotide sequence is at the attachment end?

Answer 33

CCA

Question 34

Anti-codon Arm?

Answer 34

Where: on tRNA Interacts with mRNA codons

Question 35

tRNA processing steps:

Answer 35

1. Directly transcribed tRNA 2. Intron is spliced out 3. adds CCA to 3' end 4. modification of several bases = mature tRNA

Question 36

Steps to Elongation:

Answer 36

1. f-met tRNA occupies p-site of ribosome (initiation) 2. EF-TU, GTP, and charged tRNA form a complex 3. GTP to GDP, EF-TU and GDP are released from tRNA 5. EF- ts regenerates EF-TU and GTP complex can combine with new charged tRNA 6. polypeptide bond forms with amino acids and A and P sites 7. tRNA is p-site release amino acid 8. ribosome translocate down mRNA 9. tRNA in p-site moves to e-site to cytoplasm 10. tRNA in a-site moves to P-site. A is now ready for new charged tRNA

Question 37

Triplet

Answer 37

three nucleotides per codon

Question 38

unambiguous

Answer 38

each codon specifies a particular amino acid, and only one amino acid

Question 39

degenerate

Answer 39

most amino acids are specified by more than one codon

Question 40

commaless

Answer 40

every nucleotide in a sequence is part of a codon

Question 41

non-overlapping

Answer 41

each nucleotide is part of only one triplet

Question 42

Nearly universal

Answer 42

almost all organisms in nature can use exactly the same genetic code

Question 43

Determining Triplet

Answer 43

if one or two(or multiplier of) gets inserted or deleted the rest of the reading is off. if 3 or a multiple of 3 is inserted or deleted only a portion is incorrect.

Question 44

"thought experiment"

Answer 44

George Gamow | 3-nucleotides per codon

Question 45

Bernstein

Answer 45

Reason stop codon is names after colors. Amber, opal, ochre

Question 46

Shine-dalgarno sequence

Answer 46

consensus sequence that has complementary sequence on 5s on small subunit that binds for initiation

Question 47

start codon and amino acid

Answer 47

AUG and f-met

Question 48

stop codons

Answer 48

UAA UAG UGA

Question 49

AUG

Answer 49

start codon

Question 50

UAA

Answer 50

stop codon

Question 51

UAG

Answer 51

stop codon

Question 52

UGA

Answer 52

stop codon

Question 53

Synonymous Mutation

Answer 53

mutations that change codon but not amino acid

Question 54

Wobble Hypothesis

Answer 54

Third codon is relaxed | same tRNA can bind to different codons