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1
Q

Genetic Code

A

Triplet in Nature

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2
Q

what preserves the reading frame?

A

Adding or Substracting the 3 nucleotides

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3
Q

Total codons?

A

64

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4
Q

Codon Types?

A

61 sense codons
3 stop codons`

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5
Q

Unambiguous Codons`

A

each codon codes for only one amino acid

exceptions
GUG, UUG: Valine
UAA,UAG, UGA: Stop codon

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6
Q

Degeneracy

A

Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon, which is referred to as synonymous codons.

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7
Q

Universal Code

A

meaning that with few exceptions, all organisms use the same genetic code.

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7
Q

The genetic code is non-overlapping, meaning each nucleotide is part of only one codon.

True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

How the Code was Cracked?

A

The genetic code was deciphered using a cell-free system. The slide lists key components used in this system:
PNPase (likely referring to polynucleotide phosphorylase)
NDPs (nucleoside diphosphates)
tRNA, amino acids, ribosomes, and energy currency.

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9
Q

homopolymer mRNA sequences

A

UDP: Phenylalanine
ADP: Lysine
CDP: Proline
GDPs: Glycine

Mnemonice: United Players Attack Kings, Create Plans, Get Glory

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10
Q

mixed copolymer mRNA

A

1:5

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11
Q

Triplet Binding Assay

A

a method used to study how specific codons interact with tRNAs, helping to decode the triplet nature of the genetic code.

The assay tests how ribosomes bind to triplet codons and tRNAs to identify specific amino acids.

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12
Q

what helps to separate ribosome-tRNA Complex

A
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13
Q

GG_ codes for?

A

Glycine

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14
Q

GU_ codes for?

A

Valine

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15
Q

PURPOSE OF Triplet Binding Assay

A

To determine which tRNA binds to ribosome in the presence of specific codon.

16
Q

CC_ codes for?

17
Q

Nitocellulose Filters in Triplet Binding Assay

A

Membrane has unique property:

Ribosome & Ribosome Complex binds with the memb. (due to size and molecular compposition), while unbound free tRNA pass through membrane

18
Q

High Radioactivity on filter means

A

codon of mRNA matches with Anti-codon of tRNA

19
Q

Low Radioactivity on filter means

A

codon of mRNA does not matches with Anti-codon of tRNA

20
Q

Wobble Hypothesis

A

explains how some tRNAs can recognize more than one codon due to flexibility in the third base pairing of the codon and anticodon.

20
Q

Key features of tRNA

A

cloverleaf structure

21
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS)

A

enzymes that charge tRNAs with the correct amino acidsI

22
Q

Isoaccepting tRNA

A

Different tRNA (anti-codon) binds with same amino acid

23
Q

Protein Synthesis

A
  1. N to C terminal
  2. ATP + GTP Dependent
  3. Ribosome reads mRNA from 5’ to 3’
23
Q

Incorporation rate of a.a (during protein synthesis)

A

PK: 20 a.a/sec

EK: 2-5 a.a/sec

24
Q

Translation Steps?

A
  1. Activation or Aminoacylation
  2. Initiation
  3. Elongation
  4. Release

Translation (4 decks)

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