Translation

Question 1

Genetic Code

Answer 1

Triplet in Nature

Question 2

what preserves the reading frame?

Answer 2

Adding or Substracting the 3 nucleotides

Question 3

Total codons?

Answer 3

64

Question 4

Codon Types?

Answer 4

61 sense codons
3 stop codons`

Question 5

Unambiguous Codons`

Answer 5

each codon codes for only one amino acid

exceptions
GUG, UUG: Valine
UAA,UAG, UGA: Stop codon

Question 6

Degeneracy

Answer 6

Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon, which is referred to as synonymous codons.

Question 7

Universal Code

Answer 7

meaning that with few exceptions, all organisms use the same genetic code.

Question 7

The genetic code is non-overlapping, meaning each nucleotide is part of only one codon.

True or False?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

How the Code was Cracked?

Answer 8

The genetic code was deciphered using a cell-free system. The slide lists key components used in this system:
PNPase (likely referring to polynucleotide phosphorylase)
NDPs (nucleoside diphosphates)
tRNA, amino acids, ribosomes, and energy currency.

Question 9

homopolymer mRNA sequences

Answer 9

UDP: Phenylalanine
ADP: Lysine
CDP: Proline
GDPs: Glycine

Mnemonice: United Players Attack Kings, Create Plans, Get Glory

Question 10

mixed copolymer mRNA

Answer 10

1:5

Question 11

Triplet Binding Assay

Answer 11

a method used to study how specific codons interact with tRNAs, helping to decode the triplet nature of the genetic code.

The assay tests how ribosomes bind to triplet codons and tRNAs to identify specific amino acids.

Question 12

what helps to separate ribosome-tRNA Complex

Question 13

GG_ codes for?

Answer 13

Glycine

Question 14

GU_ codes for?

Answer 14

Valine

Question 15

PURPOSE OF Triplet Binding Assay

Answer 15

To determine which tRNA binds to ribosome in the presence of specific codon.

Question 16

CC_ codes for?

Answer 16

Proline

Question 17

Nitocellulose Filters in Triplet Binding Assay

Answer 17

Membrane has unique property:

Ribosome & Ribosome Complex binds with the memb. (due to size and molecular compposition), while unbound free tRNA pass through membrane

Question 18

High Radioactivity on filter means

Answer 18

codon of mRNA matches with Anti-codon of tRNA

Question 19

Low Radioactivity on filter means

Answer 19

codon of mRNA does not matches with Anti-codon of tRNA

Question 20

Wobble Hypothesis

Answer 20

explains how some tRNAs can recognize more than one codon due to flexibility in the third base pairing of the codon and anticodon.

Question 20

Key features of tRNA

Answer 20

cloverleaf structure

Question 21

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS)

Answer 21

enzymes that charge tRNAs with the correct amino acidsI

Question 22

Isoaccepting tRNA

Answer 22

Different tRNA (anti-codon) binds with same amino acid

Question 23

Protein Synthesis

Answer 23

1. N to C terminal
2. ATP + GTP Dependent
3. Ribosome reads mRNA from 5’ to 3’

Question 23

Incorporation rate of a.a (during protein synthesis)

Answer 23

PK: 20 a.a/sec

EK: 2-5 a.a/sec

Question 24

Translation Steps?

Answer 24

1. Activation or Aminoacylation
2. Initiation
3. Elongation
4. Release